183 research outputs found
Low-surface energy surfactants with branched hydrocarbon architectures
International audienceSurface tensiometry and small-angle neutron scattering have been used to characterize a new class of low-surface energy surfactants (LSESs), "hedgehog" surfactants. These surfactants are based on highly branched hydrocarbon (HC) chains as replacements for environmentally hazardous fluorocarbon surfactants and polymers. Tensiometric analyses indicate that a subtle structural modification in the tails and headgroup results in significant effects on limiting surface tensions γcmc at the critical micelle concentration: a higher level of branching and an increased counterion size promote an effective reduction of surface tension to low values for HC surfactants (γcmc 24 mN m-1). These LSESs present a new class of potentially very important materials, which form lamellar aggregates in aqueous solutions independent of dilution
Programming of metabolic effects in C57BL/6JxFVB mice by in utero and lactational exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is known to
cause developmental toxicity and is a suggested endocrine
disrupting compound (EDC). Early life exposure
to EDCs has been implicated in programming of the
developing organism for chronic diseases later in life.
Here we study perinatal metabolic programming by
PFOA using an experimental design relevant for human
exposure. C57BL/6JxFVB hybrid mice were exposed
during gestation and lactation via maternal feed to
seven low doses of PFOA at and below the NOAEL
used for current risk assessment (3–3000 μg/kg body
weight/day). After weaning, offspring were followed
for 23–25 weeks without further exposure. Offspring
showed a dose-dependent decrease in body weight from
postnatal day 4 to adulthood. Growth under high fat
diet in the last 4–6 weeks of follow-up was increased
in male and decreased in female offspring. Both sexes
showed increased liver weights, hepatic foci of cellular
alterations and nuclear dysmorphology. In females, reductions in perigonadal and perirenal fat pad weights,
serum triglycerides and cholesterol were also observed.
Endocrine parameters, such as glucose tolerance, serum
insulin and leptin, were not affected. In conclusion,
our study with perinatal exposure to PFOA in mice
produced metabolic effects in adult offspring. This is
most likely due to disrupted programming of metabolic
homeostasis, but the assayed endpoints did not provide
a mechanistic explanation. The BMDL of the programming
effects in our study is below the current point of
departure used for calculation of the tolerable daily
intake.The authors wish to acknowledge the support of
the biotechnicians from the team of Hans Strootman at the RIVM animal
facilities. Further technical support was provided by Piet Beekhof,
Hennie Hodemaekers, Sandra Imholz (RIVM), Mirjam Koster
(UU), Stefan van Leeuwen (RIKILT), Jacco Koekkoek and Marja
Lamoree (VU). This study was funded by the European Community’s
Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007–2013] under grant agreement
OBELIX 227391
European-scale modelling of concentrations and distribution of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the penta-BDE product.
The results from a modeling exercise utilizing the European variant (EVn) BETR multimedia environmental fate model are presented for selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) of the technical penta- (Pe-) bromodiphenyl ether (BDE) product. The objectives of this study were to test PeBDE emission estimates from the literature for Europe by investigating the consistency between model predictions and ambient measurements to address the ability of the model to predict spatial variability and differences between congeners. Concurrently sampled and analyzed passive sampling air data, together with soil and grass data, were used as key model validation tools. The model steady-state simulations gave generally good agreement with measured data for BDE-47 and -99 with greater discrepancies for heavier congeners (e.g., BDE-153). To predict future atmospheric concentration trends, the model was used in its fully dynamic mode over the period 1970-2010. It was predicted that atmospheric concentrations peaked around 1997, declining with an overall "disappearance" half-life of 4.8 years. Soil and grass levels were underestimated by the model; possible reasons for differences with measurement data are further explored. Finally, the importance of temporally and spatially resolved environmental data sets is highlighted, while improved quantification of degradation half-lives is essential to better understand and predict the behavior of BDE congeners in PeBDE
- …