15,298 research outputs found
Does prospective payment increase hospital (in)efficiency? Evidence from the Swiss hospital sector
Several European countries have followed the United States in introducing prospective payment for hospitals with the expectation of achieving cost efficiency gains. This article examines whether theoretical expectations of cost efficiency gains can be empirically confirmed. In contrast to previous studies, the analysis of Switzerland provides a comparison of a retrospective per diem payment system with a prospective global budget and a payment per patient case system. Using a sample of approximately 90 public financed Swiss hospitals during the years 2004 to 2009 and Bayesian inference of a standard and a random parameter frontier model, cost efficiency gains are found, particularly with a payment per patient case system. Payment systems designed to put hospitals at operating risk are more effective than retrospective payment systems. However, hospitals are heterogeneous with respect to their production technologies, making a random parameter frontier model the superior specification for Switzerland.Hospital inefficiency, prospective payment system, Bayesian inference, stochastic frontier analysis
Singular limits in phase dynamics with physical viscosity and capillarity
Following pioneering work by Fan and Slemrod who studied the effect of
artificial viscosity terms, we consider the system of conservation laws arising
in liquid-vapor phase dynamics with {\sl physical} viscosity and capillarity
effects taken into account. Following Dafermos we consider self-similar
solutions to the Riemann problem and establish uniform total variation bounds,
allowing us to deduce new existence results. Our analysis cover both the
hyperbolic and the hyperbolic-elliptic regimes and apply to arbitrarily large
Riemann data.
The proofs rely on a new technique of reduction to two coupled scalar
equations associated with the two wave fans of the system. Strong
convergence to a weak solution of bounded variation is established in the
hyperbolic regime, while in the hyperbolic-elliptic regime a stationary
singularity near the axis separating the two wave fans, or more generally an
almost-stationary oscillating wave pattern (of thickness depending upon the
capillarity-viscosity ratio) are observed which prevent the solution to have
globally bounded variation.Comment: 30 page
Boundary layers in weak solutions to hyperbolic conservation laws
This paper is concerned with the initial-boundary value problem for a
nonlinear hyperbolic system of conservation laws. We study the boundary layers
that may arise in approximations of entropy discontinuous solutions. We
consider both the vanishing viscosity method and finite difference schemes
(Lax-Friedrichs type schemes, Godunov scheme). We demonstrate that different
regularization methods generate different boundary layers. Hence, the boundary
condition can be formulated only if an approximation scheme is selected first.
Assuming solely uniform L\infty bounds on the approximate solutions and so
dealing with L\infty solutions, we derive several entropy inequalities
satisfied by the boundary layer in each case under consideration. A Young
measure is introduced to describe the boundary trace. When a uniform bound on
the total variation is available, the boundary Young measure reduces to a Dirac
mass. Form the above analysis, we deduce several formulations for the boundary
condition which apply whether the boundary is characteristic or not. Each
formulation is based a set of admissible boundary values, following Dubois and
LeFloch's terminology in ``Boundary conditions for nonlinear hyperbolic systems
of conservation laws'', J. Diff. Equa. 71 (1988), 93--122. The local structure
of those sets and the well-posedness of the corresponding initial-boundary
value problem are investigated. The results are illustrated with convex and
nonconvex conservation laws and examples from continuum mechanics.Comment: 43 page
A Time Domain Waveform for Testing General Relativity
Gravitational-wave parameter estimation is only as good as the theory the
waveform generation models are based upon. It is therefore crucial to test
General Relativity (GR) once data becomes available. Many previous works, such
as studies connected with the ppE framework by Yunes and Pretorius, rely on the
stationary phase approximation (SPA) to model deviations from GR in the
frequency domain. As Fast Fourier Transform algorithms have become considerably
faster and in order to circumvent possible problems with the SPA, we test GR
with corrected time domain waveforms instead of SPA waveforms. Since a
considerable amount of work has been done already in the field using SPA
waveforms, we establish a connection between leading-order-corrected waveforms
in time and frequency domain, concentrating on phase-only corrected terms. In a
Markov Chain Monte Carlo study, whose results are preliminary and will only be
available later, we will assess the ability of the eLISA detector to measure
deviations from GR for signals coming from supermassive black hole inspirals
using these corrected waveforms.Comment: 5 pages. Proceedings of LISA Symposium X, submitted to Journal of
Physics: Conference Serie
Monte-Carlo Simulations of Thermal Comptonization Process in a Two Component Accretion Flow Around a Black Hole in presence of an Outflow
A black hole accretion may have both the Keplerian and the sub-Keplerian
component. In the so-called Chakrabarti-Titarchuk scenario, the Keplerian
component supplies low energy (soft) photons while the sub-Keplerian component
supplies hot electrons which exchange their energy with the soft photons
through Comptonization or inverse Comptonization processes. In the
sub-Keplerian component, a shock is generally produced due to the centrifugal
force. The postshock region is known as the CENtrifugal pressure-supported
BOundary Layer (CENBOL). In this paper, we compute the effects of the thermal
and the bulk motion Comptonization on the soft photons emitted from a Keplerian
disk by the CENBOL, the preshock sub-Keplerian disk and the outflowing jet. We
study the emerging spectrum when the converging inflow and the diverging
outflow (generated from the CENBOL) are simultaneously present. From the
strength of the shock, we calculate the percentage of matter being carried away
by the outflow and determine how the emerging spectrum depends on the outflow
rate. The preshock sub-Keplerian flow is also found to Comptonize the soft
photons significantly. The interplay between the up-scattering and
down-scattering effects determines the effective shape of the emerging
spectrum. By simulating several cases with various inflow parameters, we
conclude that whether the preshock flow, or the postshock CENBOL or the
emerging jet is dominant in shaping the emerging spectrum depends strongly on
the geometry of the flow and the strength of the shock in the sub-Keplerian
flow.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figure
Supermassive Black Hole Tests of General Relativity with eLISA
Motivated by the parameterized post-Einsteinian (ppE) scheme devised by Yunes
and Pretorius, which introduces corrections to the post-Newtonian coefficients
of the frequency domain gravitational waveform in order to emulate alternative
theories of gravity, we compute analytical time domain waveforms that, after a
numerical Fourier transform, aim to represent (phase corrected only) ppE
waveforms. In this formalism, alternative theories manifest themselves via
corrections to the phase and frequency, as predicted by General Relativity
(GR), at different post-Newtonian (PN) orders. In order to present a generic
test of alternative theories of gravity, we assume that the coupling constant
of each alternative theory is manifestly positive, allowing corrections to the
GR waveforms to be either positive or negative. By exploring the capabilities
of massive black hole binary GR waveforms in the detection and parameter
estimation of corrected time domain ppE signals, using the current eLISA
configuration (as presented for the ESA Cosmic Vision L3 mission), we
demonstrate that for corrections arising at higher than 1PN order in phase and
frequency, GR waveforms are sufficient for both detecting and estimating the
parameters of alternative theory signals. However, for theories introducing
corrections at the 0 and 0.5 PN order, GR waveforms are not capable of covering
the entire parameter space, requiring the use of non-GR waveforms for detection
and parameter estimation.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figure
Public Good Provision in a Federalist Country: Tiebout Competition, Fiscal Equalization, and Incentives for Efficiency in Switzerland
The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it measures the efficiency in the provision of public goods by local jurisdictions applying Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Second, it relates ef- ficiency scores to a fiscal equalization scheme designed to mitigate the negative consequences of Tiebout competition. The data come from the 26 cantons of Switzerland (2000-2004), a country characterized by marked federalism. Results show the equalization scheme to indeed have a negative influence on performance, resulting in an efficiency-equity trade-off (Stiglitz, 1988). However, substitution of earmarked payments by lump-sum payments as part of the 2008 reform is likely to enhance cantonal performance.DEA, efficiency measurement, federalism, fiscal equalization, public finance, Switzerland, Tiebout competition
Timing and Spectral Properties of X-ray Emission from the Converging Flows onto Black hole: Monte-Carlo Simulations
We demonstrate that a X-ray spectrum of a converging inflow (CI) onto a black
hole is the sum of a thermal (disk) component and the convolution of some
fraction of this component with the Comptonization spread (Green's) function.
The latter component is seen as an extended power law at energies much higher
than the characteristic energy of the soft photons. We show that the high
energy photon production (source function) in the CI atmosphere is distributed
with the characteristic maximum at about the photon bending radius, 1.5r_S,
independently of the seed (soft) photon distribution. We show that high
frequency oscillations of the soft photon source in this region lead to the
oscillations of the high energy part of the spectrum but not of the thermal
component. The high frequency oscillations of the inner region are not
significant in the thermal component of the spectrum. We further demonstrate
that Doppler and recoil effects (which are responsible for the formation of the
CI spectrum) are related to the hard (positive) and soft (negative) time lags
between the soft and hard photon energy channels respectively.Comment: 9 pages and 4 figures, to be published in the Astrophysical Journal
Letter
An experimental test of career concerns
Holmström’s (1982/99) career concerns model has become an important workhorse for the analysis of agency issues in many fields. The underlying signal jamming argument requires players to use information in a Bayesian way – which may or may not reasonably approximate real-life decision makers’ behavior. Testing this theory with field data is difficult since typically little is known about the information that individuals base their decisions on, and this explains the dearth of empirical studies. We provide experimental evidence that the signal jamming mechanism works in a laboratory setting. Moreover, subjects’ beliefs fit remarkably well requirements imposed by the Bayesian equilibrium concept.incentives, reputation, career concerns, signal jamming, experiments
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