Neuronal Growth and Behavioral Alterations in Mice Deficient for the Psychiatric Disease-Associated Negr1 Gene

Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule subgroup IgLON, has been implicated in neuronal growth and connectivity. In addition, genetic variants in or near the NEGR1 locus have been associated with obesity and more recently with learning difficulties, intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders. However, experimental evidence is lacking to support a possible link between NEGR1, neuronal growth and behavioral abnormalities. Initial expression analysis of NEGR1 mRNA in C57Bl/6 wildtype (WT) mice by in situ hybridization demonstrated marked expression in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and dentate granule cells. In co-cultures of cortical neurons and NSC-34 cells overexpressing NEGR1, neurite growth of cortical neurons was enhanced and distal axons occupied an increased area of cells overexpressing NEGR1. Conversely, in organotypic slice co-cultures, Negr1-knockout (KO) hippocampus was less permissive for axons grown from EC of β-actin-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) mice compared to WT hippocampus. Neuroanatomical analysis revealed abnormalities of EC axons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of Negr1-KO mice including increased numbers of axonal projections to the hilus. Neurotransmitter receptor ligand binding densities, a proxy of functional neurotransmitter receptor abundance, did not show differences in the DG of Negr1-KO mice but altered ligand binding densities to NMDA receptor and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M1 and M2 were found in CA1 and CA3. Activity behavior, anxiety-like behavior and sensorimotor gating were not different between genotypes. However, Negr1-KO mice exhibited impaired social behavior compared to WT littermates. Moreover, Negr1-KO mice showed reversal learning deficits in the Morris water maze and increased susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures. Thus, our results from neuronal growth assays, neuroanatomical analyses and behavioral assessments provide first evidence that deficiency of the psychiatric disease-associated Negr1 gene may affect neuronal growth and behavior. These findings might be relevant to further evaluate the role of NEGR1 in cognitive and psychiatric disorders

Transfer empirischer Evidenz : Entwurf eines reformierten Leitbilds und Programms der Journalistik

Die Integration von Theorie und Praxis steht seit Jahrzehnten im Mittelpunkt des Leitbilds und der Programme der Journalistik. Doch „Integration“ wird unterschiedlich interpretiert: Während das Ausbildungsprogramm heute weitgehend unumstritten ist, haben sich Forschungsprogramme zwischen Distanz und Nähe zur journalistischen Praxis differenziert. Dadurch stößt die Forschung an Grenzen und steht dem Ziel einer gemeinsamen Identität der Journalistik als integratives Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet im Wege. Dieser Beitrag zieht Bilanz und entwirft ein reformiertes Leitbild und Programm. Die Reformgedanken speisen sich zudem aus dem Wandel des Journalismus, der aufgrund eines Innovationsdrucks neue Anforderungen an Journalistenausbildung und Journalismusforschung stellt. Ziele und Aufgaben der Journalistik werden nicht mehr nur in einer Theorie und Praxis integrierenden Ausbildung gesehen, sondern auch in einer integrierenden Forschung. Sie erkennt zwar die Systemunterschiede zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis an, entwickelt, testet und evaluiert aber gerade deshalb Methoden des Transfers, um die Basis für evidenzbasierte strategische Entscheidungen in Redaktionen zu legen. Es handelt sich um ein explizit normatives Leitbild: Fluchtpunkt für theoretische Positionen, Methodenwahl und -entwicklung sowie Ergebnisinterpretation ist die Qualität des Journalismus

Efeito de coberturas mortas vegetais sobre o desempenho da cenoura em cultivo orgânico Effect of mulch of different plant species on the performance of organically grown carrot

Avaliou-se o efeito de coberturas mortas com resíduos de diferentes espécies de plantas no rendimento da cenoura em cultivo orgânico e nos níveis de reinfestação pela vegetação espontânea. O experimento foi conduzido no Sistema Integrado de Produção Agroecológica ("Fazendinha Agroecológica Km 47"), em Seropédica-RJ, empregando delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de coberturas dos canteiros com a biomassa aérea, seca e triturada, de capim Cameroon (Pennisetum purpureum), gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium) e guandu (Cajanus cajan), além da testemunha (sem qualquer cobertura). Por ocasião da colheita da cenoura, determinou-se a produtividade e as médias em peso, comprimento e diâmetro máximo das raízes tuberosas. A reinfestação de ervas espontâneas foi estimada pelo número total de indivíduos por m², sendo as coletas realizadas aos 20, 50 e 80 dias após a semeadura. A cenoura cultivada nas parcelas tratadas com resíduos de leguminosas apresentou aumentos significativos de todas as variáveis fitotécnicas, com exceção para o comprimento médio da raiz. Nas parcelas cobertas com resíduos da gramínea, os resultados foram estatisticamente iguais aos da testemunha. A reinfestação por plantas espontâneas por unidade de área cultivada alcançou níveis da ordem de 300% superiores em parcelas sem cobertura do solo, na comparação com aquelas que receberam as palhadas.<br>The effect of soil mulch with different plant species was evaluated in relation to the performance of organically grown carrots and to weed population levels. The experiment was carried out at the Integrated Agroecological Production System located in Seropédica, Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro State (Baixada Fluminense), Brazil, using a randomized blocks design comprising four treatments replicated six times. These treatments consisted of soil mulch with chopped and dried above-ground biomass of Cameroon grass (Pennisetum purpureum), gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium), and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) compared to uncovered plots (control treatment). Carrot marketable yield and root characteristics (weight, length, and major diameter) were determined at harvesting. Reinfestation by weeds was estimated through the total number of individuals per square meter of cultivated area and the assessment carried out at 20, 50 and 80 days after sowing. Carrot (cv. Brasília) showed significantly increased values regarding all the variables (except for root length) in the plots treated with legume amendments (pigeon pea and gliricidia). As for the Cameroon grass mulch, results were statistically equivalent to the control treatment. Weed populations by cultivated area unit reached levels up to 300% higher in the non-mulch plots compared to the ones covered with plant residues