Change-of-state Paradigms and the middle in Kinyarwanda

This paper investigates the derivational relationships among members of verbal paradigms in Kinyarwanda (Bantu JD.61; Rwanda) by pursuing two interrelated goals. First, I describe a variety of derivational strategies for marking transitive and intransitive variants in change-of-state verb paradigms. Second, I focus on the detransitivizing morpheme –ik which serves as one possible marking for intransitive members of these paradigms. Ultimately, I argue that this morpheme is a marker of middle voice, and the variety of readings which appear with this form can be subsumed under a single operation of argument suppression. Finally, I provide a discussion of reflexives and the apparent lack of a reflexive reading with –ik by arguing that this reading is blocked by either lexical reflexives or the reflexive prefix i–

Targeted amplicon deep sequencing for monitoring antimalarial resistance markers in western Kenya

Molecular surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites is important to track emerging and new mutations and trends in established mutations and should serve as an early warning system for antimalarial resistance. Dried blood spots were obtained from a Plasmodium falciparum malaria survey in school children conducted across eight counties in western Kenya in 2019. Real-time PCR identified 500 P. falciparum-positive samples that were amplified at five drug resistance loci for targeted amplicon deep sequencing (TADS). The absence of important kelch 13 mutations was similar to previous findings in Kenya pre-2019, and low-frequency mutations were observed in codons 569 and 578. The chloroquine resistance transporter gene codons 76 and 145 were wild type, indicating that the parasites were chloroquine and piperaquine sensitive, respectively. The multidrug resistance gene 1 haplotypes based on codons 86, 184, and 199 were predominantly present in mixed infections with haplotypes NYT and NFT, driven by the absence of chloroquine pressure and the use of lumefantrine, respectively. The sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance profile was a "superresistant" combination of triple mutations in both <i>Pfdhfr</i> (51I 59R 108N) and <i>Pfdhps</i> (436H 437G 540E), rendering sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine ineffective. TADS highlighted the low-frequency variants, allowing the early identification of new mutations, <i>Pfmdr1</i> codon 199S and <i>Pfdhfr</i> codon 85I and emerging 164L mutations. The added value of TADS is its accuracy in identifying mixed-genotype infections and for high-throughput monitoring of antimalarial resistance markers

Understanding the Connections between the EU Global Strategy and Somali Peacebuilding Education Needs and Priorities

This paper examines the connections between identity politics and European Union (EU) aid effectiveness in peacebuilding education in Somalia. It engages with a severe educational challenge, which is that a lack of capacity in rigorous educational design and/or implementation across Somali Ministries in the South Central Zone, Somaliland and Puntland has led to the importation of multiple foreign curricula into the country simultaneously that do not address Somali history and contemporary conflict drivers and that frequently clash with local values as well as with each other. We critique this from a ‘new barbarism’ perspective, arguing that Somali voices and educational priorities have not been provided a sufficient space for expression in the EU debate on the global and therefore also the national development agenda

Reviewing existing policies for unleashing and fostering entrepreneurship in selected African countries

Public Policies are vital for unleashing and fostering entrepreneurship in every society. This paper reviewed the national policies for the promotion and support of productive entrepreneurial activities aimed at enhancing the achievement of entrepreneurial economic growth in three countries in Africa. This is an explorative multiple case study that has used national and international documents and reports to examine the state and nature of the entrepreneurship policies in Kenya, Rwanda and Tanzania. The selected countries are all members of the East African Community. The findings revealed what has been accomplished and what challenges policymakers face in improving entrepreneurial performance. The comparison showed the major similarities and dissimilarities between countries and which countries are performing fairly well in specific policy areas. From the findings, an entrepreneurship policy framework was developed that takes into account the type and level of entrepreneurship being practiced. This could be useful to policymakers taking into consideration that entrepreneurship exists in the formal and informal sectors at the national level. At the regional level, the similarities of policies could be a starting point for a regional entrepreneurship policy because entrepreneurial economic growth of countries and regions is a strong indicator of successful entrepreneurship policies