Searching for Extra Dimensions in the Early Universe

We investigate extra spatial dimensions ($D = 3+\epsilon$) in the early universe using very high resolution molecular rotational spectroscopic data derived from a large molecular cloud containing moderately cold carbon monoxide gas at Z $\approx 6.42$. It turns out that the $\epsilon$-dependent quantum mechanical wavelength transitions are solvable for a linear molecule and we present the solution here. The CO microwave data allows a very precise determination of $= -0.00000657 \pm .10003032$. The probability that $\neq 0$ is one in 7794, only 850 million years (using the standard cosmology) after the Big Bang.Comment: 17 pages, 2 figure

On the Study of Collective Dynamics in Supercooled Liquids through the Statistics of the Iso-Configurational Ensemble

The use of the isoconfigurational ensemble to explore structure-dynamic correlations in supercooled liquids is examined. The statistical error of the dynamic propensity and its spatial distribution are determined. The authors present the spatial distribution of the particle non-Gaussian parameter as a measure of the intermittency with which particles exhibit their propensity for motion. The ensemble average of the direction of particle motion is introduced to establish the anisotropy of the dynamic propensity.Comment: Published - see below or http://link.aip.org/link/?JCPSA6/126/154503/

Power aspects of analysis of variance in various models.

The object of the present work is to study the robustness of the power in Analysis of Variance in relation to the departures from the in-built assumptions (i) equality of variance of the errors, (ii) statistical independence of the errors, and (iii) normality of the errors in fixed and random effects models. It is difficult if not impossible, to conduct an exhaustive study of the problem, because the above assumptions can be violated in many ways. However, a general model and some important particular models have been used to obtain fairly conclusive evidence regarding the robustness of the power in Analysis of Variance. In order to obtain the power value in relation to the departure from the usual test assumptions, the general linear hypothesis model is considered. The power values when the assumptions of equality of variances and independence of errors are violated, are obtained and presented in Table IA and IB. The result suggests that in the above model, for tests regarding the inference about means, the power value is greatly affected by the inequality of error variances but only slightly affected by the serially correlated error variables. By using the permutation theory an approximate method is developed to study the effect of non-normality of the errors on the probability of type two errors in the above situation. Having studied the most general case in Analysis of Variance some particular models are discussed to investigate certain important aspects of the problem that are generated by these models. First of all fixed model one-way classification is considered to investigate whether it could show a different picture for unequal replication. The results so obtained are presented in Table IIA and IIB. They indicate that the power value is greatly affected by the inequality of error variances and unequal group sizes. This procedure is easily modified to handle the random model. Another particular case of the general linear model, that is fixed effect model two-way classification, is discussed. The results so obtained are presented in Table IIIA and IIIB. They indicate that in two-way classification for the between Column test, the power value is greatly affected by the inequality of column variances but only slightly affected by the serially correlated within rows error variables. Again this procedure is easily modified to handle the random model. The use of simulation methods for calculating the power values in the case of non-normal errors is discussed. One and two-way classifications are considered for the fixed effect model. The Erlangian and contaminated normal distribution are taken as examples of a non-normal error distribution. The results obtained by these methods are given in Table IVA and IVB which indicate that for the inference concerning means, the power calculated under normal theory is only slightly affected by the non-normality of the errors. Finally, the effect of non-normality on the power in analysis of variance for a random effect model is also discussed by a simulation method. One and two-way classification are considered for this model and the Erlangian and contaminated normal distributions are taken as examples of non-normality. The results obtained by these methods are given in Tables VA and VB which indicate that non-normality has little effect on the power of the test

Geometrically Induced Gauge Structure on Manifolds Embedded in a Higher Dimensional Space

We explain in a context different from that of Maraner the formalism for describing motion of a particle, under the influence of a confining potential, in a neighbourhood of an n-dimensional curved manifold M^n embedded in a p-dimensional Euclidean space R^p with p >= n+2. The effective Hamiltonian on M^n has a (generally non-Abelian) gauge structure determined by geometry of M^n. Such a gauge term is defined in terms of the vectors normal to M^n, and its connection is called the N-connection. In order to see the global effect of this type of connections, the case of M^1 embedded in R^3 is examined, where the relation of an integral of the gauge potential of the N-connection (i.e., the torsion) along a path in M^1 to the Berry's phase is given through Gauss mapping of the vector tangent to M^1. Through the same mapping in the case of M^1 embedded in R^p, where the normal and the tangent quantities are exchanged, the relation of the N-connection to the induced gauge potential on the (p-1)-dimensional sphere S^{p-1} (p >= 3) found by Ohnuki and Kitakado is concretely established. Further, this latter which has the monopole-like structure is also proved to be gauge-equivalent to the spin-connection of S^{p-1}. Finally, by extending formally the fundamental equations for M^n to infinite dimensional case, the present formalism is applied to the field theory that admits a soliton solution. The resultant expression is in some respects different from that of Gervais and Jevicki.Comment: 52 pages, PHYZZX. To be published in Int. J. Mod. Phys.

Exploring lived experiences of married Pakistani women post-mastectomy

Objective: This qualitative descriptive exploratory study aimed to explore the lived experiences of married Pakistani women, 2 years post-mastectomy.Methods: Twelve participants were recruited through purposive sampling from outpatient oncology clinic from a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Interviews were audio-taped and transcribed, and then themes and sub-themes were identified.Results: Women verbalized a range of their experiences throughout the span from diagnosis to mastectomy. One over arching theme, quality of life and four main themes and their subthemes emerged from the data. Following are the themes; from history to diagnosis, worries, coping strategies, and recommendations.Conclusions: The study findings revealed that effective coping strategies were beneficial for these women, as these women coped well after being diagnosed with breast cancer. Strong recommendations were made by the participants for the formulation of support groups, which could help them reduce their anxiety through information exchange

Fitting a non-linear model with errors in both variables and its application

Estimation of the parameters of a non-linear model is considered when both measured variables have random errors. The maximum likelihood estimates with the asymptotic variance and covariance matrix are presented. Real data are used to illustrate the procedure discusse

Interaction of Protein Phosphatase 1δ with Nucleophosmin in Human Osteoblastic Cells

Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation has been recognized as an essential mechanism in the regulation of cellular metabolism and function in various tissues. Serine and threonine protein phosphatases (PP) are divided into four categories: PP1, PP2A, PP2B, and PP2C. At least four isoforms of PP1 catalytic subunit in rat, PP1α, PP1γ1, PP1γ2, and PP1δ, were isolated. In the present study, we examined the localization and expression of PP1δ in human osteoblastic Saos-2 cells. Anti-PP1δ antibody recognized a protein present in the nucleolar regions in Saos-2 cells. Cellular fractionation revealed that PP1δ is a 37 kDa protein localized in the nucleolus. Nucleophosmin is a nucleolar phosphoprotein and located mainly in the nucleolus. Staining pattern of nucleophosmin in Saos-2 cells was similar to that of PP1δ. PP1δ and nucleophosmin were specifically stained as dots in the nucleus. Dual fluorescence images revealed that PP1δ and nucleophosmin were localized in the same regions in the nucleolus. Similar distribution patterns of PP1δ and nucleophosmin were observed in osteoblastic MG63 cells. The interaction of PP1δ and nucleophosmin was also shown by immunoprecipitation and Western analysis. These results indicated that PP1δ associate with nucleophosmin directly in the nucleolus and suggested that nucleophosmin is one of the candidate substrate for PP1δ

Remarks on flavor-neutrino propagators and oscillation formulae

We examine the general structure of the formulae of neutrino oscillations proposed by Blasone and Vitiello(BV). Reconstructing their formulae with the retarded propagators of the flavor neutrino fields for the case of many flavors, we can get easily the formulae which satisfy the suitable boundary conditions and are independent of arbitrary mass parameters $\{\mu_{\rho}\}$, as is obtained by BV for the case of two flavors. In this two flavor case, our formulae reduce to those obtained by BV under $T$-invariance condition. Furthermore, the reconstructed probabilities are shown to coincide with those derived with recourse to the mass Hilbert space ${\cal H}_{m}$ which is unitarily inequivalent to the flavor Hilbert space ${\cal H}_{f}$. Such a situation is not found in the corresponding construction a la BV. Then the new factors in the BV's formulae, which modify the usual oscill ation formulae, are not the trace of the flavor Hilbert space construction, but come from Bogolyubov transformation among the operators of spin-1/2 ne utrino with different masses.Comment: revtex, 16 page

Stranding of Whales: It's causes and measures to protect stranded animals

Stranding of Whales: It's causes and measures to protect stranded animal