ભગવાન શ્રી સ્વામિનારાયણ રચિત શિક્ષાપત્રી : એક અધ્યયન

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Heartwood Extractives of Robinia Pseudoacacia Wood

In this study, extracts from the heartwood of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) were obtained with ethanol solvent before and after extraction with n-hexane. Chemical composition were analyzed and compared by GC-MS. The results showed that the major components in the heartwood ethanol extract before extraction with n-hexane solvent to be the (23S)-ethylcholest-5-en-3.beta.-ol (18.33%), while the major heartwood ethanol extracts constituents after extraction with n-hexane solvent was resorcinol (51.96%). The same components of the heartwood ethanol extracts before and after extraction with n-hexane solvent also contained amounts of the Hexadecanoic acid and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-. The other main components of the ethanol extract mainly contained about 13.75% stigmasterol, 9.35% 9,19- Cyclolanostan-3-ol, 24-methylene-, (3.beta.)-, 7.11% Lup-20(29)-en-3- one, 6.27% 9,12,15-Octadecatrien-1- ol, (Z,Z,Z)-, 6.06% Hexadecanoic acid 4.54% Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta.)-, and 3.53% campesterol

Comparison of normal and abnormal labour by using Modified WHO Partograph

Background: Modified WHO partograph is graphical record of maternal and foetal data during progress of labour entered against time on single paper sheet. Entire labour can be interpreted in a glance on the photograph. It helps to detect abnormal progress of labour. It guides obstetrician to decide about the need for augmentation of labour or termination of pregnancy either by instrumental delivery or LSCS and avoids prolong labour before obstruction. The objectives were to study the course of normal and abnormal labour and to evaluate the maternal and perinatal outcome in normal and abnormal labour.Methods: The prospective observational hospital based study of 200 randomly selected cases coming to sir t hospital, bhavnagar for delivery during September 2016 to August 2017 was done. Progress of labour assessed by use of modified WHO partograph. Various parameters like duration of labour, mode of delivery, maternal and neonatal morbidity were studied.Results: The average duration of active first stage of labour was 4 hrs 38 mins in normal labour and 7hrs 48 mins in abnormal labour. Arrest of descent was responsible for 40% of abnormal labour. Problems like obstructed labour were avoided by timely intervention in the form of cesarean section and instrumental delivery. Maternal and perinatal outcome were satisfactory.Conclusions: Routine use of modified WHO partograph helps in early detection of abnormal course in labour. Every women in labour must be benefitted by use of modified WHO partograph for labour monitoring. It assures best maternal and perinatal outcome

CSNL: A cost-sensitive non-linear decision tree algorithm

This article presents a new decision tree learning algorithm called CSNL that induces Cost-Sensitive Non-Linear decision trees. The algorithm is based on the hypothesis that nonlinear decision nodes provide a better basis than axis-parallel decision nodes and utilizes discriminant analysis to construct nonlinear decision trees that take account of costs of misclassification. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated by applying it to seventeen datasets and the results are compared with those obtained by two well known cost-sensitive algorithms, ICET and MetaCost, which generate multiple trees to obtain some of the best results to date. The results show that CSNL performs at least as well, if not better than these algorithms, in more than twelve of the datasets and is considerably faster. The use of bagging with CSNL further enhances its performance showing the significant benefits of using nonlinear decision nodes. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated by applying it to seventeen data sets and the results are compared with those obtained by two well known cost-sensitive algorithms, ICET and MetaCost, which generate multiple trees to obtain some of the best results to date. The results show that CSNL performs at least as well, if not better than these algorithms, in more than twelve of the data sets and is considerably faster. The use of bagging with CSNL further enhances its performance showing the significant benefits of using non-linear decision nodes

What determines the differences found in forest edge flow between physical models and atmospheric measurements? - An les study

A recent study has shown that Doppler lidar is a state-of-the-art method to obtain spatially and temporally resolved flow fields in forest edge flow regimes. In that study, the general flow features observed by lidar were found to be similar to those detected above a physical tree model in a wind tunnel. But in pivotal details, for example regarding the absolute height and the inner structure of the internal boundary layer (IBL), significant differences were detected. The main objectives of this Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) study are to analyze these differences and to associate them to the meteorological and physical differences between the set-ups of the wind tunnel and the atmospheric measurement. This enables on the one hand a model evaluation for the LES and the physical model respectively, and on the other hand a better understanding of the results from the lidar measurements. Results from an LES with neutral stratification and without Coriolis force show a similar IBL structure as in the wind tunnel and represent well-known characteristics of forest edge flow. A variation of the forest density only marginally affects the IBL structure. The presence of a finite forest clearing as observed at the lidar site increases the turbulence level of the IBL, compared to a set-up with a quasi-infinite clearing like in the wind tunnel. Including Coriolis force further enhances the turbulence levels to values observed by lidar. An increasing thermal instability results in even higher turbulence levels. Hence, differences between wind tunnel and atmospheric measurements are mainly traced back to differences in the flow forcing and in the onflow conditions upstream of the forest edge. Furthermore, a statistical analysis reveals that insufficient averaging of the lidar data also contributes to the observed deviations from the wind tunnel results. Based on this analysis, we suggest that at least two and a half hours of measurements during equivalent atmospheric conditions are necessary to obtain a statistically representative mean IBL structure

The Parallelized Large-Eddy Simulation Model (PALM) version 4.0 for atmospheric and oceanic flows: model formulation, recent developments, and future perspectives

In this paper we present the current version of the Parallelized Large-Eddy Simulation Model (PALM) whose core has been developed at the Institute of Meteorology and Climatology at Leibniz Universität Hannover (Germany). PALM is a Fortran 95-based 5 code with some Fortran 2003 extensions and has been applied for the simulation of a variety of atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers for more than 15 years. PALM is optimized for use on massively parallel computer architectures and was recently ported to general-purpose graphics processing units. In the present paper we give a detailed description of the current version of the model and its features, such as an embedded 10 Lagrangian cloud model and the possibility to use Cartesian topography. Moreover, we discuss recent model developments and future perspectives for LES applications.DFG/RA/617/3DFG/RA/617/6DFG/RA/617/16DFG/RA/617/27-

Soil Organic Carbon Storage in Restored Salt Marshes in Huntington Beach, California

There is a growing interest in managing wetland restoration and conservation projects to maximize carbon sequestration. We measured soil organic carbon storage and methane flux from two southern California salt marshes which had been restored for 2 and 22 years. We hypothesized that organic carbon would accumulate following restoration and that methane flux would be negligible in both sites. While methane flux was minimal, soil organic carbon content was generally higher in the more recently restored site. Although there is a potential for carbon sequestration in salt marshes, tracking this process through time may be complicated by initial site conditions

Influence of hyperhomocysteinemia on the cellular redox state - Impact on homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction

Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. An increasing body of evidence has implicated oxidative stress as being contributory to homocysteines deleterious effects on the vasculature. Elevated levels of homocysteine may lead to increased generation of superoxide by a biochemical mechanism involving nitric oxide synthase, and, to a lesser extent, by an increase in the chemical oxidation of homocysteine and other aminothiols in the circulation. The resultant increase in superoxide levels is further amplified by homocysteinedependent alterations in the function of cellular antioxidant enzymes such as cellular glutathione peroxidase or extracellular superoxide dismutase. One direct clinical consequence of elevated vascular superoxide levels is the inactivation of the vasorelaxant messenger nitric oxide, leading to endothelial dysfunction. Scavenging of superoxide anion by either superoxide dismutase or 4,5-dihydroxybenzene 1,3-disulfonate (Tiron) reverses endothelial dysfunction in hyperhomocysteinemic animal models and in isolated aortic rings incubated with homocysteine. Similarly, homocysteineinduced endothelial dysfunction is also reversed by increasing the concentration of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione or overexpressing cellular glutathione peroxidase in animal models of mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that the adverse vascular effects of homocysteine are at least partly mediated by oxidative inactivation of nitric oxide

Prevalence and risk factor's analysis of bovine brucellosis in peri-urban areas under intensive system of production in Gujarat, India

Aim: A study on surveillance of bovine brucellosis in dairy herds of peri-urban areas under intensive system of production was carried out by milk-ELISA. Various risk factors were identified having significant association with occurrence of bovine brucellosis in dairy herds of peri-urban areas. Materials and Methods: Five randomly selected peri-uban areas of six cities of Gujarat were included in the present study. Five randomly selected dairy herds under intensive system of production from each selected peri-urban area were included for further investigation. In total, 199 bulk and 582 individual milk samples were screened by milk-ELISA. Forty three different risk factors were identified and grouped into four major categories as general characteristics of farms, introduction of infection to farms, management systems of farms and exposure of disease. Further, their distribution and association with prevalence of bovine brucellosis was studied. Results: The overall herd and animal prevalence in peri-urban areas was 33.70 and 11.90%, respectively. Out of 11 risk factors on general characteristics of dairy farms, only five (herd size, type of animals, type of breed, age of owner and knowledge gained by owners) showed significant (p<0.05) association with occurrence of bovine brucellosis. None of risk factors on introduction of infection to farms (n=6) and management systems of farms (n=11) was found significantly associated with occurrence of brucellosis. Among risk factors on exposure of disease (n=15), history of abortion, retention of placenta, still birth and metritis/endometritis showed significant (p<0.05) association with prevalence of bovine brucellosis. Conclusion: It was concluded that prevalence of bovine brucellosis in dairy herds under intensive system of production in peri-urban areas of Gujarat was comparatively higher than reported overall prevalence of brucellosis. Risk factors like larger herd in close confinement without adequate sheds, type of animal, type of breed and knowledge/awareness of dairyman, unrestricted animal market, replacement without prior testing, reproductive disorders with absence of their testing are the important risk factors under the intensive production system of peri-urban areas of Gujarat, India