Analisis Efisiensi Hibah pada Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Kampung Provinsi Papua Barat

Grants as one of the components of regional finances which are stated annually in the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) should be managed in an orderly manner, obeying laws and regulations, efficient, economic, effective, transparent and responsible by paying attention to the principles of justice, propriety , rationality and benefits to society. In the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia Number 32 of 2011 concerning Guidelines for Providing Grants and Social Assistance Sourced from Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budgets. The results of the research on the process of implementing grant spending are in accordance with Permendagri number 32 of 2011 which can be seen from the results of the questionnaires that have been distributed where the results of their statements state that the implementation of the grant spending budget is categorized as quite efficient. The level of efficiency of the grant spending budget in the community empowerment office and village of West Papua province in 2017-2020, overall is well managed. However, there are some obstacles encountered

Studies on the antidiarrhoeal activity of Aegle marmelos unripe fruit: Validating its traditional usage

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Aegle marmelos </it>(L.) Correa has been widely used in indigenous systems of Indian medicine due to its various medicinal properties. However, despite its traditional usage as an anti-diarrhoeal there is limited information regarding its mode of action in infectious forms of diarrhoea. Hence, we evaluated the hot aqueous extract (decoction) of dried unripe fruit pulp of <it>A. marmelos </it>for its antimicrobial activity and effect on various aspects of pathogenicity of infectious diarrhoea.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The decoction was assessed for its antibacterial, antigiardial and antirotaviral activities. The effect of the decoction on adherence of enteropathogenic <it>Escherichia coli </it>and invasion of enteroinvasive <it>E. coli </it>and <it>Shigella flexneri </it>to HEp-2 cells were assessed as a measure of its effect on colonization. The effect of the decoction on production of <it>E. coli </it>heat labile toxin (LT) and cholera toxin (CT) and their binding to ganglioside monosialic acid receptor (GM1) were assessed by GM1-enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay whereas its effect on production and action of <it>E. coli </it>heat stable toxin (ST) was assessed by suckling mouse assay.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The decoction showed cidal activity against <it>Giardia </it>and rotavirus whereas viability of none of the six bacterial strains tested was affected. It significantly reduced bacterial adherence to and invasion of HEp-2 cells. The extract also affected production of CT and binding of both LT and CT to GM1. However, it had no effect on ST.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The decoction of the unripe fruit pulp of <it>A. marmelos</it>, despite having limited antimicrobial activity, affected the bacterial colonization to gut epithelium and production and action of certain enterotoxins. These observations suggest the varied possible modes of action of <it>A. marmelos </it>in infectious forms of diarrhoea thereby validating its mention in the ancient Indian texts and continued use by local communities for the treatment of diarrhoeal diseases.</p

Muscle Relaxant and Cardiac Effects of an Alkaloidal Extract from Strychnos icaja

Strychnos icaja is a well-known tetanizing poison, containing strychnine and 12-hydroxy-derivative amongst many other alkaloids. We have studied quaternary alkaloids of S. icaja root barks, which exhibit a prononced muscle-relaxant effect and a high cardiotoxicity. Our expriments prove that the pharmacological action of S. icaja aqueous extract is different from that of S. nux-vomica extract. Therefore none African Strychnos species shows an exclusively strychnine-like effect in all its extracts