Translation by Virginia Ivens of Coccidia of rodents of central Kazakhstan in \u3ci\u3eWorks of the Institute of Zoology\u3c/i\u3e, Academy of Sciences, Kazakh SSR (1958) 9: 183-186

Translation number 3, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Translated citation: Svanbaev, S. K. Coccidia of rodents of central Kazakhstan in Works of the Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences, Kazakh SSR (1958) 9: 183-186 Transliterated citation: Svanbaev, S. K. K poznaniyu fauny koktsidii gryzunov tsentral\u27nogo Kazakhstana. Trudy Instituta Zoologii, Akademie Nauk Kazakh SSR (1958) tom IX: 183-186 Translation from Russian to English by Virginia Ivens (noted as VI:j), University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States, March 5, 1960 (4 pages

Translation by Virginia Ivens of Coccidia of sheep and goats of western Kazakhstan by S. K. Svanbaev in Works of the Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences, Kazakh SSR 7: 252-257 (1957)

Translation of Coccidia of sheep and goats of western Kazakhstan by S. K. Svanbaev, in Works of the Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences, Kazakh SSR (1957) 7: 252-257. Transliteration: K voprosu o faune i morfologii koktsidii ovets i koz zapadnogo Ka.zakhstana. Trudy Instituta Zoologii Akad. Nauk Kazakh SSR (1957) tom VII: 252-257

Translation of Svanbaev, S. K. 1955. A new species of coccidia in turkeys. \u3ci\u3eWorks of the Institute of Zoology Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR\u3c/i\u3e 3: 161-163. Transliteration: Novyi vid koktsidii u indeek. \u3ci\u3eTrudy Instituta Zoologii Akademie Nauk Kazakh SSR\u3c/i\u3e 3: 161-163

Translation number 7, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States, February 9, 1961 Translation of Svanbaev, S. K. 1955. A new species of coccidia in turkeys. Works of the Institute of Zoology Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR 3: 161-163. Transliteration: Novyi vid koktsidii u indeek. Trudy Instituta Zoologii Akademie Nauk Kazakh SSR 3: 161-163 Translated from Russian to English by Virginia Ivens, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States (notated: VI:d

Translated from Russian by Virginia Ivens. Svanbaev, S. K. 1958. The coccidial fauna of wild ungulates of Kazakhstan. Works of the Institute of Zoology Academy of Sciences, Kazakh SSR 9: 187-197. Transliteration: Fauna koktsidi! dikikh kopyteykh zhivoteykh Kazakhstana. Trudy Instituta Zoologii Akademie Nauk Kazakh SSR 9: 187-197

Translation number 9, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States, 1960 or 1961 Translation of Svanbaev, S. K. 1958. The coccidial fauna of wild ungulates of Kazakhstan. Works of the Institute of Zoology Academy of Sciences, Kazakh SSR 9: 187-197. Transliteration: Fauna koktsidii dikikh kopyteykh zhivoteykh Kazakhstana. Trudy Instituta Zoologii Akademie Nauk Kazakh SSR 9: 187-197 Translated from Russian to English by Virginia Ivens, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United State

A Pilot Study to Measure Upper Extremity H-reflexes Following Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Therapy after Stroke

Upper extremity (UE) hemiparesis persists after stroke, limiting hand function. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is an effective intervention to improve UE recovery, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Our objective was to establish a reliable protocol to measure UE agonist–antagonist forearm monosynaptic reflexes in a pilot study to determine if NMES improves wrist function after stroke. We established the between-day reliability of the H-reflex in the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) musculature for individuals with prior stroke (n = 18). The same-day generation of ECRL/FCR H-reflex recruitment curves was well tolerated, regardless of age or UE spasticity. The between-day reliability of the ECRL H-reflex was enhanced above FCR, similar to healthy subjects [20], with the Hmax the most reliable parameter quantified in both muscles. H-reflex and functional measures following NMES show the potential for NMES-induced increases in ECRL Hmax, but confirmation requires a larger clinical study. Our initial results support the safe, easy, and efficacious use of in-home NMES, and establish a potential method to measure UE monosynaptic reflexes after stroke

Genome-wide expression profiling of in vivo-derived bloodstream parasite stages and dynamic analysis of mRNA alterations during synchronous differentiation in Trypanosoma brucei

Background: Trypanosomes undergo extensive developmental changes during their complex life cycle. Crucial among these is the transition between slender and stumpy bloodstream forms and, thereafter, the differentiation from stumpy to tsetse-midgut procyclic forms. These developmental events are highly regulated, temporally reproducible and accompanied by expression changes mediated almost exclusively at the post-transcriptional level. Results: In this study we have examined, by whole-genome microarray analysis, the mRNA abundance of genes in slender and stumpy forms of T. brucei AnTat1.1 cells, and also during their synchronous differentiation to procyclic forms. In total, five biological replicates representing the differentiation of matched parasite populations derived from five individual mouse infections were assayed, with RNAs being derived at key biological time points during the time course of their synchronous differentiation to procyclic forms. Importantly, the biological context of these mRNA profiles was established by assaying the coincident cellular events in each population (surface antigen exchange, morphological restructuring, cell cycle re-entry), thereby linking the observed gene expression changes to the well-established framework of trypanosome differentiation. Conclusion: Using stringent statistical analysis and validation of the derived profiles against experimentally-predicted gene expression and phenotypic changes, we have established the profile of regulated gene expression during these important life-cycle transitions. The highly synchronous nature of differentiation between stumpy and procyclic forms also means that these studies of mRNA profiles are directly relevant to the changes in mRNA abundance within individual cells during this well-characterised developmental transition.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Gene copy number variation throughout the Plasmodium falciparum genome

BACKGROUND: Gene copy number variation (CNV) is responsible for several important phenotypes of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, including drug resistance, loss of infected erythrocyte cytoadherence and alteration of receptor usage for erythrocyte invasion. Despite the known effects of CNV, little is known about its extent throughout the genome. RESULTS: We performed a whole-genome survey of CNV genes in P. falciparum using comparative genome hybridisation of a diverse set of 16 laboratory culture-adapted isolates to a custom designed high density Affymetrix GeneChip array. Overall, 186 genes showed hybridisation signals consistent with deletion or amplification in one or more isolate. There is a strong association of CNV with gene length, genomic location, and low orthology to genes in other Plasmodium species. Sub-telomeric regions of all chromosomes are strongly associated with CNV genes independent from members of previously described multigene families. However, approximately 40% of CNV genes were located in more central regions of the chromosomes. Among the previously undescribed CNV genes, several that are of potential phenotypic relevance are identified. CONCLUSION: CNV represents a major form of genetic variation within the P. falciparum genome; the distribution of gene features indicates the involvement of highly non-random mutational and selective processes. Additional studies should be directed at examining CNV in natural parasite populations to extend conclusions to clinical settings

Terror from the Sky: Unconventional Linguistic Clues to the Negrito Past

Within recorded history. most Southeast Asian peoples have been of southern Mongoloid physical type, whether they speak Austroasiatic, Tibeto-Burman, Austronesian, Tai-Kadai, or Hmong-Mien languages. However, population distributions suggest that this is a post-Pleistocene phenomenon and that for tens of millennia before the last glaciation ended Greater Mainland Southeast Asia, which included the currently insular world that rests on the Sunda Shelf, was peopled by short, dark-skinned, frizzy-haired foragers whose descendants in the Philippines came to be labeled by the sixteenth-century Spanish colonizers as negritos, a term that has since been extended to similar groups throughout the region. There are three areas in which these populations survived into the present so as to become part of written history: the Philippines, the Malay Peninsula, and the Andaman Islands. All Philippine negritos speak Austronesian languages, and all Malayan negritos speak languages in the nuclear Mon-Khmer branch of Austroasiatic, but the linguistic situation in the Andamans is a world apart. Given prehistoric language shifts among both Philippine and Malayan negritos, the prospects of determining whether disparate negrito populations were once a linguistically or culturally unified community would appear hopeless. Surprisingly, however, some clues to a common negrito past do survive in a most unexpected way

Site-specific and mRNA-specific control of accurate mRNA editing by a helicase complex in trypanosomes

Trypanosome U-insertion/deletion RNA editing in mitochondrial mRNAs involves guide RNAs (gRNAs) and the auxiliary RNA editing substrate binding complex (RESC) and RNA editing helicase 2 complex (REH2C). RESC and REH2C stably copurify with editing mRNAs but the functional interplay between these complexes remains unclear. Most steady-state mRNAs are partially edited and include misedited “junction” regions that match neither pre-mRNA nor fully edited transcripts. Editing specificity is central to mitochondrial RNA maturation and function, but its basic control mechanisms remain unclear. Here we applied a novel nucleotide-resolution RNA-seq approach to examine ribosomal protein subunit 12 (RPS12) and ATPase subunit 6 (A6) mRNA transcripts. We directly compared transcripts associated with RESC and REH2C to those found in total mitochondrial RNA. RESC-associated transcripts exhibited site-preferential enrichments in total and accurate edits. REH2C loss-of-function induced similar substrate-specific and site-specific editing effects in total and RESC-associated RNA. It decreased total editing primarily at RPS12 5′ positions but increased total editing at examined A6 3′ positions. REH2C loss-of-function caused site-preferential loss of accurate editing in both transcripts. However, changes in total or accurate edits did not necessarily involve common sites. A few 5′ nucleotides of the initiating gRNA (gRNA-1) directed accurate editing in both transcripts. However, in RPS12, two conserved 3′-terminal adenines in gRNA-1 could direct a noncanonical 2U-insertion that causes major pausing in 3′–5′ progression. In A6, a noncanonical sequence element that depends on REH2C in a region normally targeted by the 3′ half of gRNA-1 may hinder early editing progression. Overall, we defined transcript-specific effects of REH2C loss

Supported discharge service versus Inpatient care Evaluation (SITE): a randomised controlled trial comparing effectiveness of an intensive community care service versus inpatient treatment as usual for adolescents with severe psychiatric disorders: self-harm, functional impairment, and educational and clinical outcomes.

Background: Clinical guidelines recommend intensive community care service treatment (ICCS) to reduce adolescent psychiatric inpatient care. We have previously reported that the addition of ICCS led to a substantial decrease in hospital use and improved school re-integration. Aim: To undertake a randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing an inpatient admission followed by an early discharge supported by ICCS with usual inpatient admission (treatment as usual; TAU). In this paper, we report the impact of ICCS on self-harm and other clinical and educational outcomes. Method: 106 patients aged 12-18 admitted for psychiatric inpatient care were randomised (1:1) to either ICCS or TAU. Six months after randomization, we compared the two treatment arms on the number and severity of self-harm episodes, the functional impairment, severity of psychiatric symptoms, clinical improvement, reading and mathematical ability, weight, height and the use of psychological therapy and medication. Results: At six-month follow-up, there were no differences between the two groups on most measures. Patients receiving ICCS were significantly less likely to report multiple episodes (5 or more) of self-harm (OR=0·18, 95% CI: 0·05 to 0·64). Patients admitted to private inpatient units spent on average 118.4 (95% CI: 28·2 to 208.6) fewer days in hospitals if they were in the ICCS group compared to TAU. Conclusion: The addition of ICCS to TAU may lower the risk of multiple self-harm and may reduce the duration of inpatient stay, especially in those patients admitted for private care. Early discharge with ICCS appears to be a viable alternative to standard inpatient treatment