Creeping flow solution of the Leidenfrost phenomenon

Creeping flow solution of Leidenfrost phenomenon by use of Navier-Stokes, continuity, and energy equation

A generalized correlation of vaporization times of drops in film boiling on a flat plate

Vaporization time correlations for drops in leidenfrost state of film boiling on flat plat

Recent Developments in Montana Law

Recent Developments in Montana La

Factors associated with the suppressiveness of sugarcane soils to plant-parasitic nematodes

Observations in three Australian sugarcane fields suggested that the soil just under the trash blanket (the covering of crop residue that remains on the soil surface after crops are harvested) was suppressive to plant-parasitic nematodes. Roots were concentrated in this upper layer of soil but plant-parasitic nematode populations were relatively low and roots showed few signs of nematode damage. Root biomass was much lower 15 cm further down the soil profile, where root health was poor and populations of plant-parasitic nematodes were 3-5 times higher than near the soil surface. A bioassay in which Radopholus similis (a nematode that does not occur in sugarcane soils) was inoculated into heat-sterilized and untreated soils, confirmed that biological factors were limiting nematode populations in some of the soils, with soil from 0-2 cm much more suppressive than soil from 15-17 cm. Surface soil from one site was highly suppressive, as only 16% of R. similis recoverable from heated soil were retrieved from this soil after 8 days. Numerous soil chemical, biochemical, and biological properties were measured, and non-linear regression analysis identified two major groups of factors that were significantly associated with suppressiveness. One group reflected the amount of organic matter in soil (total C, total N, and labile C) and the other was associated with the size of the free-living nematode community (total numbers of free-living nematodes, and numbers of plant associates, bacterial feeders, fungal feeders, and carnivores). These results suggested that suppressiveness was biologically mediated and was sustained by C inputs from crop residues and roots. Since nematode-trapping fungi in the test soils could not be quantified using traditional dilution plating methods, their possible role as suppressive agents was assessed by generating TRFLP profiles with Orbiliales-specific primers, and by sequencing cloned PCR products. Although the molecular data were obtained from a limited number of samples, the level of suppression was significantly correlated to the number of Orbiliales clone groups and was also related to the number of Orbiliales species and TRFs, suggesting that this group of fungi may have been one of the suppressive factors operating in the test soils

WEDGED FOOTWEAR PERTURBATIONS AFFECT LOWER EXTREMITY COORDINATION DYNAMICS

The purpose of this study was to investigate the coordinative changes that occur with a footwear perturbation consisting of a neutral shoe and varus and valgus wedged shoes. This type of footwear is often prescribed for clinical use. Lower extremity kinematics were collected as six male subjects ran overground at 3.6 m⋅s-1±5%. A modified vector coding technique assessed coordination between rearfoot motion and leg rotation. It was determined that there were clinically relevant differences between the footwear during the middle and late stance period. The differences were most evident between the varus and valgus conditions. However, the varus condition was closer in coordination structure to the neutral condition. The difference in coordination during the wedged conditions indicated that the valgus wedge perturbation may have implications in producing soft tissue injury

SYMPOSIUM ON RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN DATA ANALYSIS

The purpose of this symposium is to present recent developments in biomechanical data analyses in two areas. First, current methods used in a dynamical systems approach will be described. Second, two statistical approaches, Principal Components Analysis and Functional Data Analysis, will be presented. The emphasis in this symposium will be on how to use each of these recent analysis techniques

Study of the 25Mg(d,p)26Mg reaction to constrain the 25Al(p,γ )26Si resonant reaction rates in nova burning conditions

The rate of the $$^{25}$$Al(p, $$\gamma$$)$$^{26}$$Si reaction is one of the few key remaining nuclear uncertainties required for predicting the production of the cosmic $$\gamma$$-ray emitter $$^{26}$$Al in explosive burning in novae. This reaction rate is dominated by three key resonances ($$J^{\pi }=0^{+}$$, $$1^{+}$$ and $$3^{+}$$) in $$^{26}$$Si. Only the $$3^{+}$$ resonance strength has been directly constrained by experiment. A high resolution measurement of the $$^{25}$$Mg(d, p) reaction was used to determine spectroscopic factors for analog states in the mirror nucleus, $$^{26}$$Mg. A first spectroscopic factor value is reported for the $$0^{+}$$ state at 6.256 MeV, and a strict upper limit is set on the value for the $$1^{+}$$ state at 5.691 MeV, that is incompatible with an earlier ($$^{4}$$He, $$^{3}$$He) study. These results are used to estimate proton partial widths, and resonance strengths of analog states in $$^{26}$$Si contributing to the $$^{25}$$Al(p, $$\gamma$$)$$^{26}$$Si reaction rate in nova burning conditions

Effects of down-regulating ornithine decarboxylase upon putrescine-associated metabolism and growth in Nicotiana tabacum L.

Transgenic plants of Nicotiana tabacum L. homozygous for an RNAi construct designed to silence ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) had significantly lower concentrations of nicotine and nornicotine, but significantly higher concentrations of anatabine, compared with vector-only controls. Silencing of ODC also led to significantly reduced concentrations of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine), tyramine and phenolamides (caffeoylputrescine and dicaffeoylspermidine) with concomitant increases in concentrations of amino acids ornithine, arginine, aspartate, glutamate and glutamine. Root transcript levels of S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase, S-adenosyl methionine synthase and spermidine synthase (polyamine synthesis enzymes) were reduced compared with vector controls, whilst transcript levels of arginine decarboxylase (putrescine synthesis), putrescine methyltransferase (nicotine production) and multi-drug and toxic compound extrusion (alkaloid transport) proteins were elevated. In contrast, expression of two other key proteins required for alkaloid synthesis, quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (nicotinic acid production) and a PIP-family oxidoreductase (nicotinic acid condensation reactions), were diminished in roots of odc-RNAi plants relative to vector-only controls. Transcriptional and biochemical differences associated with polyamine and alkaloid metabolism were exacerbated in odc-RNAi plants in response to different forms of shoot damage. In general, apex removal had a greater effect than leaf wounding alone, with a combination of these injury treatments producing synergistic responses in some cases. Reduced expression of ODC appeared to have negative effects upon plant growth and vigour with some leaves of odc-RNAi lines being brittle and bleached compared with vector-only controls. Together, results of this study demonstrate that ornithine decarboxylase has important roles in facilitating both primary and secondary metabolism in Nicotiana

Assessment of RNAlater® as a Potential Method to Preserve Bovine Muscle Proteins Compared with Dry Ice in a Proteomic Study

peer-reviewedRNAlater® is regarded as a potential preservation method for proteins, while its effect on bovine muscle proteins has rarely been evaluated. Bovine muscle protein samples (n = 12) collected from three tender (Warner–Bratzler shear force: 30.02–31.74 N) and three tough (Warner–Bratzler shear force: 54.12–66.25 N) Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) samples, preserved using two different sampling preservation methods (RNAlater® and dry ice), at two post mortem time points (day 0 and day 14), were characterized using one-dimensional electrophoresis. Fourteen bands with molecular weights ranging from 15 to 250 kDa were verified, both in the dry ice and RNAlater® storage groups, at each time point, using image analysis. A shift from high to low molecular weight fragments, between day 0 and day 14, indicated proteolysis of the muscle proteins during post mortem storage. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses and database searching resulted in the identification of 10 proteins in four bands. Protein profiles of muscle preserved in RNAlater® were similar to those of muscle frozen on dry ice storage, both at day 0 and day 14. The results demonstrate that RNAlater® could be a simple and efficient way to preserve bovine muscle proteins for bovine muscle proteomic studie