Correlation of serum magnesium levels with renal parameters in patients with acute kidney injury

Background: Acute kidney injury is a common problem with various causes and consequences like electrolyte disturbances in the form of hypocalcaemia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia depending on the phase. Hypomagnesaemia is one of the most common electrolyte disturbance found in hospitalized patients especially in the critically ill patients. Prevalence of hypomagnesemia varies from 11 to 65% in different studies. Hence, we decided to conduct a study to evaluate correlation of serum magnesium levels in AKI.Methods: A cross-sectional, hospital based time bound study was conducted between November 2016 and August 2018 with a sample of 100 patients aged 18-65 years and who had AKI were included and patients with diabetes mellitus, multi-organ dysfunction, obstructive uropathy and drug induced AKI were excluded from study. The decrease in magnesium <1.7 mg/L was defined as hypomagnesaemia. AKI was defined as per AKIN criteria. Day 1, day 3 and day 6 magnesium levels were measured.Results: Prevalence of hypomagnesaemia was 53%, 30% and 36% on day 1, day 3 and day 6 respectively. It was observed that there was a positive correlation between serum magnesium, and serum creatinine. Normomagnsemia and hypermagnesemia on day 1, 3 and 6 were significantly associated with recovery of AKI (p<0.001).Conclusions: The prevalence of hypomagnesemia was significantly higher in AKI patients and normal magnesium and hypermagnesium on day 1, 3 and day 6 was associated with recovery than non-recovery. Hypomagnesemia was associated more with non-recovery then recovery

Transmission dynamics of novel influenza A/H1N1 2009 outbreak in a residential school in India

Transmission dynamics of an outbreak of novel influenza A/H1N1 (2009) in June-July 2009 in a residential school in Maharashtra, India has been studied. A mathematical model of the type susceptible-exposedinfectious- asymptomatic-recovered has been adopted for the purpose. Analyses of epidemiological data revealed that close clustering within population resulted in high transmissibility with basic reproduction number R0 = 2.61 and transmission rate (β) being 0.001566. Model has successfully described the dynamics of transmission in a residential school setting and helped in ascertaining the epidemiological parameters for asymptomatic cases and the effectiveness of the control measures. Our study presents a framework for studying similar outbreaks of influenza involving clustered populations

USB to USB Data Transfer using Raspberry Pi and ARM

Abstract: An importance of portability is well known to us so to achieve this, we are going to design a system which we can carry anywhere. Using this system we can not only transfer data but also we are able to see the transfer of the particular file which we are going to transfer by using graphical display .Hence the system to be designed will be more compact .In our project we are going transfer data between different USB devices using Raspberry pi and ARM7 without using any computer or laptop .As shown in block diagram four USB devices can be connected to Raspberry pi while one USB device can be connected to ARM 7.Out of these various devices one device can act as a master while others will act as slaves. After sending particular command to processor ,the processor will start fetching data from master USB device and ARM processor will wait from the signal from destination or slave USB.As soon as processor gets the signal from destination device data transfer operation get started

Identification and authentication of Agnimantha plant species used in Ayurveda on the basis of anatomical and molecular phylogenetic analysis

Agnimantha plant species have been used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for many years and is widely used as an ingredient in many ayurvedic formulations. However, the source for Agnimantha remained controversial as it is difficult to authenticate from various reports. Hence, the present study aims to identify and authenticate its original and substitute sources. As per the literature sources Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f., C. inerme (L.) Gaertn. and Premna serratifolia L. are considered Agnimantha species. The anatomy of the above mentioned species confirmed the presence of patches of up to 20 cells in the sclerenchyma of the root cortex, while in the absence of sclerenchyma of the stem cortex, abundant chambered crystals were also present in the bark of the stem and root in C. phlomidis as compared to C. inerme and P. serratifolia. Phylogenetic analysis using chloroplast (matK, trnH-psbA) and nuclear markers (ITS, rbcl) also indicates the close relation between C. inerme and P. serratifolia and hence places them both in the same clade, though C. phlomidis is closely related to the other species but placed in the adjacent clade. Hence, the study concludes that anatomical as well as molecular phylogenetic analysis reflect close relation between C. inerme and P. serratifolia. while a distant relation with C. phlomidis

High-heat-producing granites of East Dharwar Craton around Gugi, Karnataka, and their possible influence on the evolution of Rajapur thermal springs, Deccan Volcanic Province, India

Background: The thermal springs of Rajapur situated along the west coast of Maharashtra and parts of high-heat-generating granites of Gugi in Karnataka (India) seem to be genetically related. The present investigation involves quantification of the heat generated by the Gugi Granites using the the U, Th and K contents in the rock samples and probing their possible influence on the evolution of the Rajapur springs, based on the geochemistry of the thermal waters, published Bouguer gravity anomaly data, and the overall geological setup. Methods: Fourteen water samples from Rajapur including thermal and groundwater samples were analysed for major ions and five rock samples from the gugi area were analysed for U, Th and K. Results: Rajapur thermal spring is of Na-HCO3 type, while other thermal springs along the west coast are either Na-Cl type or Na-Cl-CO3 type. The stable isotope data of the thermal waters signifies mixing with the ground water. The gravity anomaly data supports the extension of the Gugi Granites below the Deccan Volcanics of the study area. Conclusions: The present investigation suggests that the Gugi Granites could be the main source of heat for these thermal springs, even though the springs issue through the Deccan volcanic flows

Characteristics of natural and planted sandalwood-supporting soils in Seoni district, Madhya Pradesh

Two sandalwood-supporting pedons, one planted (P1) and other natural growing, were characterized in Seoni district of Madhya Pradesh. The solum depth of both the pedon was 30 cm underlain by weathered basalt beyond 50 cm. Pedon was dark reddish brown while P2 was characterized by dark reddish brown to dusky red. P2 had sandy clay texture (A1 horizon) and other horizons of both the pedons was associated with clay texture. These soils had more than 35 cmol(p+)kg-1 CEC and dominance of smectite (>20%) followed by vermiculite. There was more than 20 per cent feldspar in Bw horizon of P1 while underlying horizon of P2 had 25 per cent quartz. The nearly neutral soils had more than 1.0 per cent organic carbon barring A2 horizon of P2. These calcareous soils were dominated by exchangeable Ca++ followed by Mg++, Na+, K+ on exchange complex and grouped as Typic Haplustepts and Typic Ustorthents at subgroup level

Avian Influenza H9N2 Seroprevalence among Poultry Workers in Pune, India, 2010

Avian influenza (AI) H9N2 has been reported from poultry in India. A seroepidemiological study was undertaken among poultry workers to understand the prevalence of antibodies against AI H9N2 in Pune, Maharashtra, India. A total of 338 poultry workers were sampled. Serum samples were tested for presence of antibodies against AI H9N2 virus by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays. A total of 249 baseline sera from general population from Pune were tested for antibodies against AI H9N2 and were negative by HI assay using ≥40 cut-off antibody titre. Overall 21 subjects (21/338 = 6.2%) were positive for antibodies against AI H9N2 by either HI or MN assays using ≥40 cut-off antibody titre. A total of 4.7% and 3.8% poultry workers were positive for antibodies against AI H9N2 by HI and MN assay respectively using 40 as cut-off antibody titre. This is the first report of seroprevalence of antibodies against AI H9N2 among poultry workers in India

Pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 outbreak in a residential school at Panchgani, Maharashtra, India

Background &amp; objectives: An outbreak of influenza was investigated between June 24 and July 30, 2009 in a residential school at Panchgani, Maharashtra, India. The objectives were to determine the aetiology, study the clinical features in the affected individuals and, important epidemiological and environmental factors. The nature of public health response and effectiveness of the control measures were also evaluated. Methods: Real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed on throat swabs collected from 82 suspected cases to determine the influenza types (A or B) and sub-types [pandemic (H1N1) 2009, as well as seasonal influenza H1N1, H3N2]. Haemagglutination inhibition assay was performed on serum samples collected from entire school population (N = 415) to detect antibodies for pandemic (H1N1) 2009, seasonal H1N1, H3N2 and influenza B/Yamagata and B/Victoria lineages. Antibody titres ≥ 10 for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and ≥ 20 for seasonal influenza A and B were considered as positive for these viruses. Results: Clinical attack rate for influenza-like illness was 71.1 per cent (295/415). The attack rate for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 cases was 42.4 per cent (176/415). Throat swabs were collected from 82 cases, of which pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus was detected in 15 (18.3%), influenza type A in (6) 7.4 per cent and influenza type B only in one case. A serosurvey carried out showed haemagglutination inhibition antibodies to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in 52 per cent (216) subjects in the school and 9 per cent (22) in the community. Interpretation &amp; conclusion: Our findings confirmed an outbreak of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 due to local transmission among students in a residential school at Panchgani, Maharashtra, India

Chandipura virus encephalitis outbreak among children in Nagpur division, Maharashtra, 2007

Background &amp; objectives: An outbreak of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) among children from Nagpur division, Maharashtra was investigated to confirm the aetiology and to describe clinico-epidemiological features. Methods: AES cases among children &lt; 15 yr, from Nagpur division, hospitalized between June-September 2007, were investigated. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were tested for IgM antibodies against Chandipura virus (CHPV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and for CHPV RNA by RT-PCR. Partial N gene sequences were used for phylogenetic analysis. Virus isolations were attempted in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell line. Sandflies were collected, pooled and tested for CHPV RNA by RT-PCR. Results: A total of 78 AES cases were recorded in children &lt; 15 yr of age. Case fatality ratio was 43.6 per cent. Male to female ratio was 1:1.2. Chandipura (CHP) was confirmed in 39 cases. CHPV RNA was detected in both CSF and serum specimens of 2 cases and in serum of 22 cases. Phylogenetic analysis showed 99.98-100 per cent nucleotide identity in the sequences studied. Anti-CHPV IgM antibodies were detected in CSF of 2 cases and in serum of 8 cases. Seroconversion to anti-CHPV IgM antibodies was observed in 5 cases. Clinical manifestations of CHP cases (n=38) were fever (100%), convulsion (76.3%), altered sensorium (34.2%), headache (23.7%), vomiting (44.7%) and diarrhoea (23.7%). CHPV RNA was detected in one of two pools of sandflies from affected locality. Interpretation &amp; conclusions: Chandipura virus was confirmed as the aetiological agent of this acute encephalitis outbreak with high case-fatality among children