19 research outputs found
Quantum Fluctuation Theorems
Recent advances in experimental techniques allow one to measure and control
systems at the level of single molecules and atoms. Here gaining information
about fluctuating thermodynamic quantities is crucial for understanding
nonequilibrium thermodynamic behavior of small systems. To achieve this aim,
stochastic thermodynamics offers a theoretical framework, and nonequilibrium
equalities such as Jarzynski equality and fluctuation theorems provide key
information about the fluctuating thermodynamic quantities. We review the
recent progress in quantum fluctuation theorems, including the studies of
Maxwell's demon which plays a crucial role in connecting thermodynamics with
information.Comment: As a chapter of: F. Binder, L. A. Correa, C. Gogolin, J. Anders, and
G. Adesso (eds.), "Thermodynamics in the quantum regime - Fundamental Aspects
and New Directions", (Springer International Publishing, 2018
Second law, entropy production, and reversibility in thermodynamics of information
We present a pedagogical review of the fundamental concepts in thermodynamics
of information, by focusing on the second law of thermodynamics and the entropy
production. Especially, we discuss the relationship among thermodynamic
reversibility, logical reversibility, and heat emission in the context of the
Landauer principle and clarify that these three concepts are fundamentally
distinct to each other. We also discuss thermodynamics of measurement and
feedback control by Maxwell's demon. We clarify that the demon and the second
law are indeed consistent in the measurement and the feedback processes
individually, by including the mutual information to the entropy production.Comment: 43 pages, 10 figures. As a chapter of: G. Snider et al. (eds.),
"Energy Limits in Computation: A Review of Landauer's Principle, Theory and
Experiments
HIV-1 competition experiments in humanized mice show that APOBEC3H imposes selective pressure and promotes virus adaptation
APOBEC3 (A3) family proteins are DNA cytosine deaminases recognized for contributing to
HIV-1 restriction and mutation. Prior studies have demonstrated that A3D, A3F, and A3G
enzymes elicit a robust anti-HIV-1 effect in cell cultures and in humanized mouse models.
Human A3H is polymorphic and can be categorized into three phenotypes: stable, intermediate,
and unstable. However, the anti-viral effect of endogenous A3H in vivo has yet to be
examined. Here we utilize a hematopoietic stem cell-transplanted humanized mouse model
and demonstrate that stable A3H robustly affects HIV-1 fitness in vivo. In contrast, the selection
pressure mediated by intermediate A3H is relaxed. Intriguingly, viral genomic RNA
sequencing reveled that HIV-1 frequently adapts to better counteract stable A3H during replication
in humanized mice. Molecular phylogenetic analyses and mathematical modeling
suggest that stable A3H may be a critical factor in human-to-human viral transmission.
Taken together, this study provides evidence that stable variants of A3H impose selective
pressure on HIV-1