1,311 research outputs found
Power loss in open cavity diodes and a modified Child Langmuir Law
Diodes used in most high power devices are inherently open. It is shown that
under such circumstances, there is a loss of electromagnetic radiation leading
to a lower critical current as compared to closed diodes. The power loss can be
incorporated in the standard Child-Langmuir framework by introducing an
effective potential. The modified Child-Langmuir law can be used to predict the
maximum power loss for a given plate separation and potential difference as
well as the maximum transmitted current for this power loss. The effectiveness
of the theory is tested numerically.Comment: revtex4, 11 figure
Geometry of escort distributions
Given an original distribution, its statistical and probabilistic attributs
may be scanned by the associated escort distribution introduced by Beck and
Schlogl and employed in the formulation of nonextensive statistical mechanics.
Here, the geometric structure of the one-parameter family of the escort
distributions is studied based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence and the
relevant Fisher metric. It is shown that the Fisher metric is given in terms of
the generalized bit-variance, which measures fluctuations of the crowding index
of a multifractal. The Cramer-Rao inequality leads to the fundamental limit for
precision of statistical estimate of the order of the escort distribution. It
is also quantitatively discussed how inappropriate it is to use the original
distribution instead of the escort distribution for calculating the expectation
values of physical quantities in nonextensive statistical mechanics.Comment: 12 pages, no figure
Trends in beliefs about the harmfulness and use of stop-smoking medications and smokeless tobacco products among cigarettes smokers: Findings from the ITC four-country survey
BACKGROUND: Evidence shows that smokers are generally misinformed about the relative harmfulness of nicotine, and smokeless forms of nicotine delivery in relation to smoked tobacco. This study explores changing trends in the beliefs about the harmfulness and use of stop smoking medications and smokeless tobacco in adult smokers in four countries where public education and access to alternative forms of nicotine is varied (Canada, the US, the UK and Australia). METHODS: Data are from seven waves of the ITC-4 country study conducted between 2002 and 2009 with adult smokers from Canada, the US, the UK and Australia. For the purposes of this study, data were collected from 21,207 current smokers. Using generalised estimating equations to control for multiple response sets, multivariate models were tested to look for main effects of country, and trends across time, controlling for demographic variables. RESULTS: Knowledge remained low in all countries, although UK smokers tended to be better informed. There was a small but significant improvement across time in the UK, but mixed effects in the other three countries. At the final wave, between 37.5% (US) and 61.4% (UK) reported that NRT is a lot less harmful than cigarettes. In Canada and the US, where smokeless tobacco is marketed, only around one in six believed some smokeless tobacco products could be less harmful than cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: Many smokers continue to be misinformed about the relative safety of nicotine and alternatives to smoked tobacco, especially in the US and Canada. Concerted efforts to educate UK smokers have probably improved their knowledge. Further research is required to assess whether misinformation deters smokers from appropriate use of alternative forms of nicotine
Impact of the New Malaysian Cigarette Pack Warnings on Smokersâ Awareness of Health Risks and Interest in Quitting Smoking
The objective of this research was to compare the response of adult smokers in Malaysia to newly proposed pictorial cigarette warnings against the current text-only warnings. The study population included 140 adult male smokers who were enrolled in a randomized trial to view either the new pictorial warnings (intervention) or the old text-only warnings (control). Participants completed pre-exposure and post-exposure questionnaires that assessed their awareness of the health risks of smoking, response to the package warnings, and interest in quitting smoking. Exposure to the pictorial warnings resulted in increased awareness of the risks of smoking, stronger behavioral response to the warnings and increased interest in quitting smoking. The new warnings in Malaysia will increase smokersâ knowledge of the adverse health effects of smoking and have a positive effect on interest in quitting
Aerostructural Optimization of a Transonic Compressor Rotor
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/77121/1/AIAA-15397-760.pd
Nonlinear equation for anomalous diffusion: unified power-law and stretched exponential exact solution
The nonlinear diffusion equation is analyzed here, where , and , and are real parameters.
This equation unifies the anomalous diffusion equation on fractals ()
and the spherical anomalous diffusion for porous media (). Exact
point-source solution is obtained, enabling us to describe a large class of
subdiffusion (), normal diffusion () and
superdiffusion (). Furthermore, a thermostatistical basis
for this solution is given from the maximum entropic principle applied to the
Tsallis entropy.Comment: 3 pages, 2 eps figure
Electronic structure of intentionally disordered AlAs/GaAs superlattices
We use realistic pseudopotentials and a plane-wave basis to study the
electronic structure of non-periodic, three-dimensional, 2000-atom
(AlAs)_n/(GaAs)_m (001) superlattices, where the individual layer thicknesses
n,m = {1,2,3} are randomly selected. We find that while the band gap of the
equivalent (n = m = 2) ordered superlattice is indirect, random fluctuations in
layer thicknesses lead to a direct gap in the planar Brillouin zone, strong
wavefunction localization along the growth direction, short radiative
lifetimes, and a significant band-gap reduction, in agreement with experiments
on such intentionally grown disordered superlattices.Comment: 10 pages, REVTeX and EPSF macros, 4 figures in postscript. e-mail to
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