Permeability Analysis based on information granulation theory

This paper describes application of information granulation theory, on the analysis of "lugeon data". In this manner, using a combining of Self Organizing Map (SOM) and Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (NFIS), crisp and fuzzy granules are obtained. Balancing of crisp granules and sub- fuzzy granules, within non fuzzy information (initial granulation), is rendered in open-close iteration. Using two criteria, "simplicity of rules "and "suitable adaptive threshold error level", stability of algorithm is guaranteed. In other part of paper, rough set theory (RST), to approximate analysis, has been employed >.Validation of the proposed methods, on the large data set of in-situ permeability in rock masses, in the Shivashan dam, Iran, has been highlighted. By the implementation of the proposed algorithm on the lugeon data set, was proved the suggested method, relating the approximate analysis on the permeability, could be applied.Comment: 8 pages,7 figure

Wybór wrębiarko-ładowarki w oparciu o właściwości mechaniczne węgla w kopalni Parvadeh 1

Obtaining the maximum productivity with minimum energy consumption in coaling faces, directly depends on selection of the suitable shearer loader machine with the most effective and fitness picks for it and also their arrangement on cutter head. In order to select appropriate shearer loader machine, some in-situ tests have been carried out on C1 coal seam of Parvadeh1 long wall mine located in east of Iran. Studying of the mechanical properties of C1 coal seam demonstrates an extremely low strength of coal. Thus, it was concluded that a kind of two drums shearer (model EL600) with the conical picks can be effectively worked.Zapewnienie maksymalnej wydajności pracy w rejonie przodka połączonego z minimalnym zużyciem energii związane jest z wyborem odpowiedniego rodzaju urządzenia (wrębiarko-ładowarki), zapewniającego optymalną ilość i układ noży wrębowych. W celu wyboru optymalnej maszyny urabiającej, przeprowadzono badania in situ w złożu węgla C1 w kopalni Parvadeh 1 we wschodnim Iranie, gdzie wydobycie prowadzi się metodą ścianową. Badanie właściwości mechanicznych węgla C1 wykazało, że jest to węgiel o niskich parametrach wytrzymałościowych. Stwierdzono, że do urabiania tego typu węgla optymalnym rozwiązaniem będzie zastosowanie dwóch wrębiarek bębnowych (model EL600) wyposażonych w stożkowe noże wrębowe

Eksperymenty przeprowadzane in-situ i w laboratorium dla określenia fizykomechanicznych właściwości węgla

A number of simple field and laboratory studies and tests were carried out to visualize the nature and variation extent of mechanical properties with emphasis on cuttability across C1 coal seam in Parvade1 mine of Tabas located in east of Iran. Selection of the suitable coal winning machines and of the most effective and fitness bits for it and their arrangement on cutter head have a special relation to reach maximum productivity with minimum energy consumption. The effect of physico-mechanical properties on cuttability were studied in the laboratory and field for the C1 coal seam to identify the relevant parameters affecting the specific energy of coal cuttability. Field studies were also in-situ cuttability along with conducted over a number of active mechanized coal faces to study the geo-mining conditions of the site. The field and the laboratory data of coal cuttability was estimated due to the achieved results of uni-axial, shear, and tensile strength tests, as well as, Impact strength index, expanding bolt, and M.R.E. penetration tests on C1 coal seam.Przeprowadzono szereg prostych badań i prób polowych oraz laboratoryjnych testów dla określenia mechanicznych właściwości, a w szczególności urabialności pokładu C1 węgla w kopalni Parvade1 w miejscowości Tabas w południowym Iranie. Wybór odpowiednich maszyn urabiających oraz najbardziej efektywnych noży na głowicy urabiającej ma szczególne znaczenie dla uzyskania maksymalnej wydajności przy minimalizacji zużycia energii. Wpływ właściwości fizykomechanicznych na urabialność został zbadany w laboratorium i testach polowych w pokładzie C1 węgla, dla określenia jakie parametry wpływają na jednostkowe zużycie energii w trakcie urabiania. Badania polowe obejmowały testy urabialności in-situ prowadzone w szeregu działających przodkach zmechanizowanych i dotyczyły badania warunków geologiczno-górniczych w kopalni. Dane dotyczące urabialności otrzymano dzięki wykorzystaniu wyników testów wytrzymałościowych jednoosiowego ściskania, ścinania i rozciągania, jak również wykonanych bezpośrednio na pokładzie węgla C1: testu wytrzymałościowego (ISI), kotwii rozprężnej oraz testu penetracyjnego (MRE)

Correlation of hepatic vein doppler waveform and hepatic artery resistance index with the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Purpose. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of various degrees of fatty infiltration in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on hepatic artery resistance index and hepatic vein waveform patterns. Methods. After identification and grading of fatty infiltration, 60 patients and 20 normal healthy subjects were examined using color and spectral Doppler sonography. The level of fatty liver infiltration was ascertained and graded by biopsy in patients and excluded by MRI in controls. The patients were allocated to four study groups consecutively, until the required number was reached, according to infiltration level as follows: normal (group A), mild (group B), moderate (group C), and severe (group D). The hepatic vein waveforms were classified into the three following groups: triphasic, biphasic, and monophasic waveform. The hepatic artery resistance index was calculated as the mean of three different measurements. Results. The incidence of monophasic and biphasic hepatic vein waveform was 2 (10) for group B, 11 (55) for group C, 16 (80) for group D, and none for group A. The difference in the distribution of triphasic Doppler waveform pattern between the patients and the control group was significant (p < 0.001). Hepatic artery resistance index was 0.81 (60.02), 0.78 (60.03), 0.73 (60.03), and 0.68 (60.05), respectively, in groups A, B, C, and D and was significantly different between groups (p < 0.001).Conclusion. As the severity of nonalcoholic fatty infiltration increases, the incidence of abnormal hepatic vein waveforms increases and hepatic artery resistance index decreases. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Transition from open-pit to underground as a new optimization challenge in mining engineering

There are many deposits that have the potential to be mined by a combined method of open-pit and underground. In this manner, the most sensitive problem is the determination of the optimal transition depth from open-pit to underground or vice versa. To calculate this depth, a model based on block economic values of open-pit and underground methods together with the Net Present Value (NPV) attained through mining is first presented. During the model, NPV of open-pit is compared to the value of underground for the similar levels. A hypothetical example is used in order to analyze the model in detail. Based on the assumptions made such as: a discount rate of 15 %, each pair of contiguous level-cuts have to mine during one year, and one level as the height of crown pillar, the optimal transition depth was determined to be equal to 62.5 m. Then, level 6 was considered as the suitable crown pillar. Finally, maximum total NPV of the combined mining was calculated to be 25.54 units of currenc