Variant drainage of frontal sinus

Frontal sinuses are drained by front nasal duct. The opening of the front nasal duct is found on the anteromedial aspect of the floor of the sinus. The duct then continues through the ethmoidal labyrinth and enters the ethmoidal groove at the anterior end of the middle meatus. Here we noticed that frontal sinus was draining into the bulla ethmoidalis on both the sides. These anatomical variations affect the drainage and ventilation of Para nasal sinus due to infection lead to stasis of secretion cause recurrent and chronic sinusitis

Otocephaly: a case report

A case of otocephaly was reported in 26±4 week’s female fetus during routine fetal autopsy at GMCH, Chandigarh, India. Mother was 25 years old, second gravid. The first child is one year old normal male baby. Present pregnancy resulted in spontaneous abortion. Antenatal history, past history, family history and medical history of mother was not suggestive of any ethiological factor responsible for the defect. The external examination showed 2 vessels in umbilical cord. There was anteroposterior lengthening of skull, mouth was in the form of a proboscis with a small opening in the centre, the right ear was absent. The left pinna was low placed and had small tags. On internal examination oral cavity was found small with hypoplastic mandible, tongue was absent (aglossia), thoracic cavity was small, left lung was absent, right lung had only single lobe, heart dilated with normal position of major vessels, In abdominal cavity gut was opening in a dilated cloaca like chamber. X-ray examination revealed small hypoplastic mandible and maxilla. Otocephaly is a rare lethal syndrome of microstomia, agnatia and ear anomalies. Other anomalies associated are holoprosenxcephaly, skeletal, genitourinary, cardiovascular system, endocrine gland hypoplasia etc. The differential diagnosis includes Treacher Collins syndrome, Goldenhar syndrome and Mobius syndrome. The etiology, incidence, causative factors of this case will be discussed in light of available literature

High spin polarization and the origin of unique ferromagnetic ground state in CuFeSb

CuFeSb is isostructural to the ferro-pnictide and chalcogenide superconductors and it is one of the few materials in the family that are known to stabilize in a ferromagnetic ground state. Majority of the members of this family are either superconductors or antiferromagnets. Therefore, CuFeSb may be used as an ideal source of spin polarized current in spin-transport devices involving pnictide and the chalcogenide superconductors. However, for that the Fermi surface of CuFeSb needs to be sufficiently spin polarized. In this paper we report direct measurement of transport spin polarization in CuFeSb by spin-resolved Andreev reflection spectroscopy. From a number of measurements using multiple superconducting tips we found that the intrinsic transport spin polarization in CuFeSb is high ($\sim$ 47\%). In order to understand the unique ground state of CuFeSb and the origin of large spin polarization at the Fermi level, we have evaluated the spin-polarized band structure of CuFeSb through first principles calculations. Apart from supporting the observed 47\% transport spin polarization, such calculations also indicate that the Sb-Fe-Sb angles and the height of Sb from the Fe plane is strikingly different for CuFeSb than the equivalent parameters in other members of the same family thereby explaining the origin of the unique ground state of CuFeSb.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Type II radio bursts and their association with coronal mass ejections in solar cycles 23 and 24

Metre wavelength type II solar radio bursts are believed to be the signatures of shock-accelerated electrons in the corona. Studying these bursts can give information about the initial kinematics, dynamics and energetics of CMEs in the absence of white-light observations. In this study, we investigate the occurrence of type II bursts in solar cycles 23 and 24 and their association with coronal mass ejections (CMEs). We also explore the possibility of occurrence of type II bursts in the absence of a CME. We performed statistical analysis of type II bursts that occurred between 200 - 25 MHz in solar cycle 23 and 24 and found the temporal association of these radio bursts with CMEs. We categorised the CMEs based on their linear speed and angular width, and studied the distribution of type II bursts with `fast' ($speed ~\geq 500 km/s$), `slow' ($speed ~< 500 km/s$), `wide' ($width ~\geq 60^o$) and `narrow' ($width ~< 60^o$) CMEs. We explored the type II bursts occurrence dependency with solar cycle phases. Our results suggest that type II bursts dominate at heights $\approx 1.7 - 2.3 \pm 0.3 ~R_{\odot}$ with a clear majority having an onset height around 1.7 $\pm 0.3~R_{\odot}$ assuming the four-fold Newkirk model. The results indicate that most of the type II bursts had a white-light CME counterpart, however there were a few type II which did not have a clear CME association. There were more CMEs in cycle 24 than cycle 24. However, the number of type II radio bursts were less in cycle 24 compared to cycle 23. The onset heights of type IIs and their association with wide CMEs reported in this study indicate that the early CME lateral expansion may play a key role in the generation of these radio bursts.Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables, Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic

Applying Brain Computer Interface Technology for Playing Games

Brain Computer Interfaces are specialized systems that allows users to control computer applications using their brain waves. Initially, BCI were mostly used in medical field. But after some research and thanks to consumer-grade electroencephalography (EEG) devices, many applications and research opportunities were opened outside of the medical field. One particular area that is gaining more evidence due to the arrival consumer-grade devices is that of computer games, as it allows more user-friendly applications of BCI technology for the general public. In this report, we are going to talk about one of those games, Maze game. It will be a 2D maze, path known to the user. Using the EEG device named Neurosky Brain Wave Kit user will be able to move the avatar in order to reach the goal from the starting position

AGGRANDIZED TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY OF GLIMEPIRIDE VIA TRANSFERSOMES: FORMULATION, EVALUATION AND STATISTICAL OPTIMISATION

The aim of the study was to prepare and statistically optimize transdermal formulation of antidiabetic drug Glimepiride (Glmp). In the present investigation Protransfersome gel (PTG) of glimepiride was prepared by modified coacervation phase separation technique and characterised for various parameters like vesicles shape, vesicles size and size distribution, entrapment efficiency and stability. Box-Benkhen model was chosen as optimization design. Three factors (amount of phospholipids, amount of surfactant and amount of drug) were varied at three levels Box-Benkhen statistical experimental design. These factors were found to have significant effects on the vesicular size(296.6±1.2nm), PDI(0.241±0.4) and drug loading(71.90±4.8%) and were optimized based on the desirability of the responses. The skin permeation studies were performed for 24 hours on pig ear skin using Franz diffusion cell. The flux value obtained from PTG (5.129±1.24 µg/cm2/h) was greater as compared to the drug suspension (0.430 µg/cm2/h). PTG formulation showed good stability at 4±10C and after 3 months of storage there was no change in liquid crystalline nature, size of vesicles, drug content and other characteristic parameters observed. In vivo pharmacokinetic study of PTG showed significant drug release as compared to plain transdermal patch of the drug. Hence, present study reveals that PTG generates a new breakthrough for the transdermal delivery of Glimepiride with higher bioavailability, negligible gastrointestinal and hepatic side effects and increased patient compliance. Keywords: Glimepiride, protransfersome gel, optimizatio

Feasibility of laparoscopy in management of ectopic pregnancy: experience from a tertiary care hospital

Background: Ectopic pregnancy is an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. For surgical management, laparoscopy is preferred option. In developing world for ruptured ectopic pregnancy laparotomy is done at most of places. In this study we have assessed feasibility of laparoscopic management in both ruptured and unruptured ectopic pregnancy.Methods: A prospective study, conducted over period of 1 year from July 2014 to July 2015 in Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. In 110 patients of ectopic pregnancy parameters studied were age and parity, symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic methods, site of ectopic, management and its outcome. Primary objective was to evaluate management outcome of ectopic pregnancy and to assess feasibility of laparoscopy in ectopic pregnancy. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy with massive hemoperitoneum were analyzed separately. Secondary objective was to study demographic characters and risk factors of ectopic pregnancy.Results: Surgical management was required in 93.6% patients, out of which 86.4% were managed laparoscopically. Unruptured ectopic pregnancy was managed successfully by laparoscopy in 96.6% (29/30) patients. Ectopic was ruptured in 73 (66.3%) cases, laparoscopy was attempted in 91.7% (67/73). In 10.4% (7/67) patients laparoscopy had to be converted to laparotomy and it was successful in 89.5%. Out of 16 patients with massive hemoperitoneum, 12(75%) were managed laparoscopically. There was no mortality.Conclusions: In most of cases laparoscopy is safe and successful. Laparoscopy is feasible in ruptured ectopic cases including selected cases with massive hemoperitoneum thus avoiding unnecessary laparotomy and associated morbidity. Timely diagnosis and management prevents mortality