Corchorus olitorius L. (Jute) leaf and seed extracts exerted high antibacterial activity against food and plant pathogenic bacteria

Aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate antibacterial activities of methanol (MetOH), acetone (Ace), petroleum ether (PE) and aqueous (dw) leaf (L), root (R), and seed (S) extracts of Corchorus olitorius L. on both food- and plant-borne pathogens, with DPPH radical scavenging activities (DRSA), and quantitative and qualitative constituent analysis. Leaf PE has the highest strain susceptibility on both food- and plant-borne pathogens. Clavibacter michiganensis, Pseudomonas tomato, and Erwinia caratovora were susceptible to nearly all the leaf and seed extracts. Very low minimum inhibitory concentration (8-128 mL(-1)) and minimum bactericidal concentration (32-2048 mu g mL(-1)) were determined for both leaf and seed extracts against C. michiganensis. Total phenolic contents were correlated to DRSA. The phenolic compounds tested were higher in the leaf MetOH, cholorogenic acid being the most abundant one. Palmitic acid was determined in leaf PE and seed PE extracts. Results presented here demonstrate high antibacterial activity of C. olitorius leaf seed extracts against phytopathogens for the first time, and provide the most comprehensive data on the antibacterial activity screening against food-borne pathogens. Considering limitations in plant disease control, antibacterial activities of these extracts would be important in plant disease control.Baskent University Research Fund; Baskent University Institutional Review Board [DA10/17]This study was approved by Baskent University Institutional Review Board (Project no: DA10/17), and supported by Baskent University Research Fund

Corchorus olitorius and Urtica pilulifera extracts alleviate copper induced oxidative damage and genotoxicity in tomato

Copper cause oxidative damage in plant cells, and plant extracts are the sources of free radical scavengers. We tested the hypothesis that whether Corchorus olitorius (jute) and Urtica pilulifera (Roman nettle) seed extract treatments of germinated seeds affect copper induced oxidative and genotoxic damage or antioxidant response in tomato. Seedlings were exposed to toxic copper concentration (30 ppm) for 7 days. In one experimental group (treatment 1), extract (100 μg mL–1) was added to media. In the other group (treatment 2), tomato seeds were pre-soaked by the extract (100 μg mL–1) prior to germination and copper application. Malondialdehyde and endogenous H2O2 levels in the groups treated with extract and copper were significantly lower than that of the untreated groups. Pre-soaking seeds with the nettle extract solution significantly enhanced catalase activity under unstressed condition. Jute treatment also enhanced catalase activity under copper stress. Ascorbate peroxidase activity remained at unstressed level in copper treated groups. Extract treatments significantly decreased copper induced DNA damage in root nuclei. Jute seed extract contained salicylic acid and quercetin which can be correlated with the evoked effects. We demonstrated protective effect of plant extract treatments against copper stress of tomato seedlings prior to germination or during seedling development

Development of Nanoparticle / Hydrogel Based Composite Structures for Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Bioactive structures with unique biophysical and chemical properties of nanoparticles give great hope for the future development of tissue engineering applications. The purpose of this study to develop gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel scaffold, functionalized with alginate-chitosan core-shell nanoparticles to enhance chondrogenic differentiation. Firstly, core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized with chitosan and alginate biopolymers. Different preparation conditions were applied to achieve monodisperse alginate- chitosan core-shell nanoparticles at nanoscale. Monodisperse alginate-chitosan core-shell nanoparticles which were prepared by modified protocol were measured to be 60 ± 3 nm. Different preparation conditions were applied to obtain optimum loading efficiencies and release profiles of growth factors (transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF β-1) and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)) in the formation of the dual nanoparticular release system. According to the chosen preparation condition, the loading efficiency of TGF -1 and IGF-1 was 93.34 ± 0.51 and 91.92 ± 0.22%, respectively. When the 21 days release profile results were evaluated, the amounts of TGF β-1 and IGF-1 were measured as 15.86 ± 0.30 and 28.71 ± 2.27 ng/mL, respectively. Then, GelMA hydrogels were synthesized by photopolymerization method. The prepared nanoparticles and adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells were encapsulated into GelMA hydrogels and incubated in vitro for 3 weeks. The effects of hydrogel, loaded and unloaded core-shell nanoparticles encapsulated hydrogels were evaluated by biochemical and histological analysis on chondrogenesis of adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells. In the presence of chemical cues (chondrogenic medium), the content of DNA in the group containing TGF -1 and IGF-1loaded nanoparticles in hydrogel increased by 1.71 and 5.98 times, respectively, compared to the groups with and without nanoparticles on day 21. On the other hand, it was determined that glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production (573.60 ± 1.60 µg/sample) was significantly induced in the group containing both chemical cues and nanoparticles. In addition to biochemical assays, histological analyzes such as GAG and Type-II collagen staining also showed that the application of chemical and biophysical cues were increased GAG and Type-II collagen depositions. In summary, hydrogel scaffold functionalized with nanoparticles successfully occurred suitable environment for cartilage formation and thus it is a promising construct for cartilage tissue engineering applications.Nanopartiküller benzersiz biyofiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklere sahip biyoaktif yapılardır ve doku mühendisliği uygulamalarının gelecekteki gelişimi için büyük umut vaad etmektedirler. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kondrojenik farklılaşmayı arttırmak için aljinat-kitosan çekirdek-kabuk nanopartikülleri ile fonksiyonlaştırılmış jelatin metakrilat (GelMA) hidrojel iskelesini geliştirmektir. İlk olarak, kitosan ve aljinat biyopolimerleriyle çekirdek-kabuk nanopartiküler sentezlenmiştir. Nano ölçekte monodispers aljinat-kitosan çekirdek-kabuk nanopartiküllerini elde etmek için farklı hazırlama koşulları uygulanmıştır. Modifiye edilmiş protokol ile hazırlanan monodispers aljinat-kitosan çekirdek-kabuk nanoparçacıklarının boyutları 60 ± 3 nm olarak ölçülmüştür. İkili nanopartiküler salım sisteminin oluşturulmasında büyüme faktörlerinin (transforme edici büyüme faktörü beta-1 (TGF β-1) ve insülin benzeri büyüme faktörü-1 (IGF-1)) optimum yükleme verimliliklerini ve salım profillerini elde etmek için farklı hazırlama koşulları uygulanmıştır. Seçilen hazırlama koşullarına göre, TGF β-1 ve IGF-1'in yükleme verimlilikleri sırasıyla % 93.34 ± 0.51 ve 91.92 ± 0.22'dir. 21 günlük salım profilleri sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde, TGF β-1 ve IGF-1 miktarları sırasıyla 15.86 ± 0.30 ve 28.71 ± 2.27 ng/mL ölçülmüştür. Daha sonra fotopolimerizasyon yöntemi ile GelMA hidrojelleri sentezlenmiştir. Hazırlanan nanopartiküller ve yağ dokusu kökenli mezenkimal kök hücreler GelMA hidrojellerine kapsüllenmiştir ve in vitro olarak 3 hafta inkübe edilmiştir. Hidrojelin ve yüklü ve yüksüz çekirdek-kabuk nanopartiküller enkapsüle edilmiş hidrojellerin yağ dokusu kökenli mezenkimal kök hücrelerin kondrogenezi üzerindeki etkileri biyokimyasal ve histolojik analizler ile değerlendirilmiştir. Kimyasal etmenler (kondrojenik ortam) varlığında, hidrojel içindeki TGF β-1 ve IGF-1 yüklü nanopartiküller içeren gruptaki DNA içeriği, 21. günde nanopartikül olan gruplarda olmayan gruplara kıyasla sırasıyla 1.71 ve 5.98 kat artmıştır. Öte yandan, kimyasal etmenler ve nanopartiküller içeren grupta glikozaminoglikan (GAG) üretiminin (573.60 ± 1.60 µg/numune) önemli ölçüde indüklendiği belirlenmiştir. Biyokimyasal analizlere ek olarak, GAG ve Tip-II kolajen boyama gibi histolojik analizler de kimyasal ve biyofiziksel etmenlerin uygulanmasının GAG ve Tip-II kolajen birikimlerini artırmış olduğunu göstermiştir. Özetle, nanopartiküllerle işlevselleştirilmiş hidrojel iskelesi, kıkırdak oluşumu için uygun bir ortam sağlamıştır ve böylece kıkırdak doku mühendisliği uygulamaları için umut verici bir yapı olmaktadır