Az Önszerveződő Térképek és az Objektum-alapú képelemzés összekapcsolása a mezőgazdasági területek minőségének meghatározására

"Pixel és Objektum alapú képelemzési eljárások egyesítése mezőgazdasági hasznosítású területek azonosítására" témájú cikk fordítása.szakirányú továbbképzésAngol-Magyar Természettudományi Szakfordítóg

Simplified performance assessment methodology for addressing soil quality of nature-based solutions

International audiencePurpose In urban areas, soil functions are deeply impacted by all human activities, e.g., water infiltration, carbon storage, and chemical substances degradation potential. In this context, nature-based solutions (NBS) are assumed to deliver multiple environmental benefits for soil quality improvement. The H2020 Nature4Cities project (N4C) offers the framework to develop physical, chemical, and microbiological indicators to the performance assessment for addressing NBS soil quality (performance assessment of soil quality) to be included in a toolbox designed for architects or municipalities. Materials and methods A simplified performance assessment methodology was developed for addressing NBS soil quality. It is based on the comparison of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics to soil reference baseline. In this setting, we present here the results obtained from case studies selected in three European cities (Nantes (F), Nancy (F), Bustehrad (CR)) to test the methodology. The case studies correspond to three different NBSs: former market turned into gardening areas (FMG), green roofs (GR), and urban allotment gardens (UAG). The performance assessment was based on two criteria: (1) soil fertility and (2) soil contamination. Results and discussion The basic soil properties (e.g., pH, bulk density) and soil fertility (e.g., soil organic matter (SOM)) for the two open soil NBS (FMG and UAGs) are equivalent to cultivated soils. Those of GR are highly controlled by the type of natural materials used in the substrate. Concerning contamination, the soil quality of FMG was shown to be significantly impacted by former agricultural practices (pesticide residues, trace metals (TE)). Measured molecular biomass of FMG was compared with predictive molecular biomass (determined according to the soil physicochemical properties). Data showed that 12 of the 14measured plots are classified as altered or very altered soils with regard to this parameter. TE in UAGs soils exhibit variousconcentrations, depending on former land use, cultural practices, and geological contexts.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the study showed that soil fertility is a rather interesting tool in the evaluation of urban soil quality.Nevertheless, basic soil properties seem to be influenced by the effects of trace element and pesticide contamination. Thepresence of NBSs seems to have a favorable impact (e.g., filtration of pollutants). Inappropriate management of urban soilscan lead to a decrease in soil quality and thus influence the current major issues (e.g., carbon sequestration, contamination ofurban spaces by organic, and inorganic pollutants)

How to use nature-based solutions in urban planning systems of Europe?

International audienceIn developed countries, the level of urbanization is still rising and expected to reach 83% in 2030 [United Nations, 2012]. As a result of rapid growing of urban areas and population, the urban planners several challenges. For example, risks of flooding due to overload of the drainage system, and pollution due to combined sewer overflows and diffuse pollution, consequently increase significantly. Questions about biodiversity promotion and urban heat islands are also emerging as major issues in the construction of sustainable cities [Berretta et al; 2014].European Commission, (2015) highlighted nature-based solutions in order to address the mentioned urban problems related to climatic, demographic and technological changes. The aim is to bring new solutions into urban planning and thus, to address those challenges and to improve the well-being sensation, quality of life of city dwellers.Nature-based solutions (NBS) are one of the newest concepts for tackling urban challenges. The concept of NBS was meant to reform the methodology of urban planning in EU countries and deliver multiple environmental, social and economic benefits through introducing and implementing a new toolkit based on natural resources. In the Horizon 2020 project, Nature4Cities besides multi-thematic and multi-scalar evaluation of nature-based solutions and their effectiveness in addressing different urban challenges we aim to deliver a platform used by urban planners. As an important step of producing the platform in this paper we analyse the possibilities of implementing nature-based solutions in the different planning systems of Europe. First, we give a short overview on similarities and differences between planning systems, and the different kind of plans (master plans, action plans, authorization plans, … etc.) Secondly, we describe Nature4Cities concept on NBS-typology, and thirdly we analyse the possibilities of inserting the particular nature-based solutions into the different kind of plans in different scales. As a result, we wish to establish a baseline of "business as usual" urban operations and how the mainstream "grey solutions" could be replaced by NBS. We also put emphasis on the social aspects of urban planning and that of NBS’: what are the alternative governance and participatory processes that enhance the implementation of NBS