A REVIEW ON SPECTRUM SENSING METHODS FOR COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS

In Wireless Communication, Radio Spectrum is doing a vital role; for the future need it should use efficient. The existing system, it is not possible to use it efficiently where the allocation of spectrum is done based on fixed spectrum access (FSA) policy. Several surveys prove that it show the way to inefficient use of spectrum. An innovative technique is needed for spectrum utilization effectively. Using Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) policy, available spectrum can be exploited. Cognitive radio arises to be an attractive solution which introduces opportunistic usage of the frequency bands that are not commonly occupied by licensed users. Cognitive radios promote open spectrum allocation which is a clear departure from habitual command and control allocation process for radio spectrum usage. In short, it permits the formation of “infrastructure-less†joint network clusters which is called Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN). Conversely the spectrum sensing techniques are needed to detect free spectrum. In this paper, different spectrum sensing techniques are analyzed

A Study on Patchavatham (பட்ச வாதம்)

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: “Nature is Man ad Man is Nature” A close relationship is found to exist between the external world and the internal system of man. Man is greatly affected by the external environment, diet, unhealthy lifestyles, physical & psychological stresses which in turn affects the internal systems of body. Annually millions of people worldwide suffer from stroke [PATCHA VATHAM] today and out of that 5.5 million die and another 5 million left permanently disabled. The incidence of Patcha vatham has increased in fold due to diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, syphilis, tumor, trauma, epilepsy, infections, and also by unhealthy life styles, diet etc. Today Patcha vatham is the leading cause of adult disability and physical deformity. But the interesting fact about Patcha vatham is that it can be manager easily if diagnosed in early hours and medical attention is sought, the damage can be minimized and recovery can occur. Siddha medicine is very much effective in treating the physical disability in Patcha vatham. So the author has conducted a clinical study on Patcha vatham for the welfare of human race. The Internal drug “valladhagi chenduram” in which main constituents are ‘serankottai’[semecarpus anacardium], and ‘Lingam’ [cinnabar], are very potent and proven drugs for the treating the diseases of loco motor system. Also the constituents of the external drug “Mashathy thylam” ‘ulunthu’ [VIGNA MUNGO], ‘aamanakku ver’ [RICINUS COMMUNIS], ‘sitramutti’ [Pavonia], and sesame oil have potent Antivadha property. The external medicine is given in the form of thylam. The clinical features of Patcha vatham was comparable to stroke or hemiplegia in modern medicine. The clinical study was conducted in 20 inpatients and 20 out patients in post graduate sirappu maruthuvam wards in Govt Siddha medical college palayamkottai. The patients were advised to come for regular follow up to study the disease. The main aim of the study on Patcha vatham was i. To collect the evidences from the ancient literatures. ii. To control the predisposing factors. iii. To study the efficacy of trial drugs. iv. To correlate the incidence of Patcha vatham with reference to sex, age, socio economic status, family history, habits, trauma, thinaigal and paruva kaalangal. v. To study how the disease alters the normal systems of the body in respect to mukkutrangal, udal kattugal, kanma inthiriyangal and manomaya kosam etc and how it is diagnosed by envagai thervugal, neerkuri and neikuri etc. vi. To know the extent of correlation of etiology, classification, symptomology, diagnostic methods and treatment in line with allopathic system of medicine. vii. To conduct clinical trial on patients with Valladhagi chenduram and Mashathy thylam in treating Patcha vatham. viii. To emphasize the role of ‘Thokkanam’ using medicated oils in rehabilitating the patient. ix. To study the relationship of food habits in altering the disease process and the role of ‘pathiyam’ x. To use the available modern parameters in investigation side to confirm and to know the prognosis. xi. To conduct the biochemical analysis and study about the chemical contents of the drugs. xii. To study about the pharmacological action of the trial drug in experimental animals. xiii. And also to know the clinical toxicity or adverse effects of the trial drug if any. SUMMARY: The research work on “PATCHA VATHAM” was chosen with an intention to give solace to the patients who are suffering from the disease. The author had a chance of referring many siddha literatures and collected more information. Medicines meant for research study where towards the patient is collected from both siddha system as well as modern system to medicine and a case sheet was prepared. (Model case sheet is affixed at the end of this dissertation book) Separate case sheets were maintained for every patient who were admitted in the In-patient ward. Twenty patients were treated in the In-patient and another twenty patients in the out patient ward. The internal medicine Valladhagi chenduram 1g thrice a day with hot water after food and the external medicine Mashathy thylam for the external application with Thokkanam at the sides where affected to the patients. The patients who were also treating with Yogaasanam Piranaayaamam, Thiyanam, Thokkanam, Varmam as supportive therapies along with main theraphy have got good and quick relief than the other patients. The favourable effects of the drugs of the treatment good relief was reported within 10 days in mild cases, within 20 days in moderate cases and within 25 days in severe cases. The follow up study was done in the out-patient department. Exercises to affected limbs and face were also advised to all patients. At the time of discharge relief or improvement was observed clinically and there was maintenance of physiological conditions seen in all patients. The twenty patients who were treated in out-patient ward also good relief. Medicines were given to the patients until most of the symptoms were relieved as per siddha medicine it was regarded as a cure from the disease. No toxic or side effects were observed clinically or reportedly in any patients during the course of treatment and the follow up study. From the clinical study it could be inferred that treatment with trial drugs considerably improves the functions of, 1. Viyaana, which is responsible for all the movement in the body and also sensory and motor activities. 2. Abaanan, which is responsible for defaecation micturition, menstruation, parturirtion and ejaculation. 3. Naagan, which is responsible for movement of the eye ball, laziness, lassitude, quarrelling and arguing 4. Dhevathaththan which is responsible for movements of the eye ball, laziness, lassitude, quarreling, arguing begging and much anger. 5. And samaanan which is responsible for normal digestion and correction of other vaayus. It could be also inferred that the trial drugs inhibit further vascular disorders and regulate the other physiological and biological processes of the body. Research findings reveal bout the disease and its impact in the body. Statistics taken the help of details in the case sheet were give clear knowledge about the disease. Available investigations in modern medicine were also considered for diagnosis and to follow the prognosis of the patients. The efficacy of the trial drugs were studied by bio-chemical analysis and pharmacological evaluations. CONCLUSION: When the internal medicine Valladhagi chenduram administered to the pakka vaadham patient along with Mashathy thylam for external application have a good relief. Good clinical improved was observed in 13 (65%) patient out of 20 inpatient and 14 (70%) out patient. Moderate clinical improvement was observed in 2 patients out of 20 inpatients and 4 out-patients. Partially clinical improvement was observed in 5 patients out 20 in-patient and 2 out-patient ward. Patient who had followed Yoga, Pranayamam, Thiyanam, Thokkanam, and Dietary advice have got good relief than others. Because of engorging result clinically study may undertake with large number of patient with same drug with create a new era in the field of siddha medicine especially in the treatment of this diseases Patchavatham. It may through light on relieving the patient from the clutches of crippling by this disease

Computed tomography brain scan findings in eclampsia

Background: Eclampsia is characterized by sudden onset of generalized tonic-clonic convulsion or coma in pregnancy or postpartum unrelated to other cerebral conditions. It is a life-threatening complication of pregnancy; the exact cause is still not conclusively elucidated. Recent studies using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gives valuable neuroimaging findings to determine the prognosis and early management of neurovascular complications that will reduce maternal mortality and morbidity.Methods: This is a prospective study done over 6 months to study population was chosen by eclampsia patients who were admitted through the emergency ward and also indoor patients who developed eclampsia after admission. A total of 50 patients were analyzed. Computed tomography (CT) scan of brain performed after a confinement of fetus and after stabilizing the mother. Maternal and fetal outcomes were observed in these cases.Results: A total of 50 eclampsia patients and their CT scan findings were studied. In these positive CT scan findings were noticed in 23 patients. 1 patient expired with massive cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral oedema (40%) was the most common CT scan finding and the most common area is the parietal lobe (32%) followed by the occipital (8%) and frontal 4% and all lobes (1%).Conclusions: CT scan findings provide valuable information about the neurovascular complication in eclampsia patients, early diagnosis and prompt management of these complications will reduce maternal and perinatal mortality to some extent

Antimicrobial activity of Plectranthus amboinicus solvent extracts against Human Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi

Plectranthus amboinicus or locally known as bangun-bangun, is an indigenous vegetable which can be freshly eaten. However, the plant is unpopular among local people and being neglected. It has been reported to be traditionally used for medicine to cure common illnesses such as cough, stomachache, headache and skin infection. Based on the potential, a study was conducted to bioprospect the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil. Plectranthus amboinicus essential oil of methanol and chloroform extract was tested against nine bacteria and four fungi i.e., Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecal, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. The methanol extract of Plectranthus amboinicus showed the maximum antibacterial activity against the bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and fungi Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity of Plectranthus amboinicus was more at 100 mg/ml concentration when compared to 50 mg/ml concentration. Comparatively, the Methanol extract of Plectranthus amboinicus exhibited maximum antimicrobial activity when compared to Chloroform extract. The Plectranthus amboinicus has showed good antimicrobial activity against most of the bacteria and only one fungal yeast Candida albicans. No zone of inhibition was recorded against other fungal isolates like Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Negative DMSO control. Keywords: Plectranthus amboinicus, Bacteria, Fungi, Antimicrobial activity and Well diffusion assay

Emergence of armA and rmtB genes among VIM, NDM, and IMP metallo-β-lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens

In the recent years, it has been noted that microorganisms with acquired resistance to almost all available potent antibiotics are increasing worldwide. Hence, the use of antibiotics in every clinical setup has to be organized to avoid irrational use of antibiotics. This study was aimed to establish the pattern of antibiotic sensitivity and relevance of antimicrobial resistance in aerobic Gram-negative bacilli. A total of 103 aerobic Gram-negative bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter koserii, Proteus spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from tertiary care centers around Chennai. Kirby–Bauer Disk Diffusion test and study for genes of cephalosporin, carbapenem, and aminoglycoside resistance were done. A descriptive analysis of the data on altogether 103 clinical urine isolates was performed. All strains showed susceptibility to colistin. The frequency of genes encoding 16S rRNA methylases armA and rmtB were 7.8% and 6.8%, respectively. Among metallo-β-lactamases, blaVIM, blaIMP, and blaNDM-1 were detected in 6.8%, 3.8%, and 3.8%, respectively. One E. coli strain harbored blaSIM-1 gene. Cumulative analysis of data suggested that 30% of the strains carried more than one resistance gene. The current research evidenced the increasing frequency of resistance mechanisms in India. Combined approach of antibiotic restriction, effective surveillance, and good infection control practices are essential to overcome antibiotic resistance

A novel Ag/Carrageenan-gelatin hybrid hydrogel nanocomposite and its biological applications : preparation and characterization

A novel biohybrid hydrogel nanocomposite made of natural polymer carrageenan and gelatin protein were developed. The silver nanoparticles were prepared using the carrageenan polymer as reduction and capping agent. Here, the Ag/Carrageenan was combined with gelatin hydrogel using glutaraldehyde having a cross-link role in order to create the biohybrid hydrogel nanocomposite. The manufactured composite performances were anaylised by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) methods. The swelling behaviour of the Ag/Carrageenan-gelatin hybrid hydrogel nanocomposite was also analyzed. The antibacterial activity was tested against human pathogens viz. S.agalactiae 1661, S. pyogenes 1210 and E. coli. The bacterial cell wall damage of S.agalactiae 1661 was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The cytotoxic assay was performed against the A549 lung cancer cells

Systems-Based Analysis of the \u3cem\u3eSarcocystis neurona\u3c/em\u3e Genome Identifies Pathways That Contribute to a Heteroxenous Life Cycle

Sarcocystis neurona is a member of the coccidia, a clade of single-celled parasites of medical and veterinary importance including Eimeria, Sarcocystis, Neospora, and Toxoplasma. Unlike Eimeria, a single-host enteric pathogen, Sarcocystis, Neospora, and Toxoplasma are two-host parasites that infect and produce infectious tissue cysts in a wide range of intermediate hosts. As a genus, Sarcocystis is one of the most successful protozoan parasites; all vertebrates, including birds, reptiles, fish, and mammals are hosts to at least one Sarcocystis species. Here we sequenced Sarcocystis neurona, the causal agent of fatal equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. The S. neurona genome is 127 Mbp, more than twice the size of other sequenced coccidian genomes. Comparative analyses identified conservation of the invasion machinery among the coccidia. However, many dense-granule and rhoptry kinase genes, responsible for altering host effector pathways in Toxoplasma and Neospora, are absent from S. neurona. Further, S. neurona has a divergent repertoire of SRS proteins, previously implicated in tissue cyst formation in Toxoplasma. Systems-based analyses identified a series of metabolic innovations, including the ability to exploit alternative sources of energy. Finally, we present an S. neurona model detailing conserved molecular innovations that promote the transition from a purely enteric lifestyle (Eimeria) to a heteroxenous parasite capable of infecting a wide range of intermediate hosts. IMPORTANCE Sarcocystis neurona is a member of the coccidia, a clade of single-celled apicomplexan parasites responsible for major economic and health care burdens worldwide. A cousin of Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, Theileria, and Eimeria, Sarcocystis is one of the most successful parasite genera; it is capable of infecting all vertebrates (fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals—including humans). The past decade has witnessed an increasing number of human outbreaks of clinical significance associated with acute sarcocystosis. Among Sarcocystis species, S. neurona has a wide host range and causes fatal encephalitis in horses, marine mammals, and several other mammals. To provide insights into the transition from a purely enteric parasite (e.g., Eimeria) to one that forms tissue cysts (Toxoplasma), we present the first genome sequence of S. neurona. Comparisons with other coccidian genomes highlight the molecular innovations that drive its distinct life cycle strategies

Improvement of two traditional Basmati rice varieties for bacterial blight resistance and plant stature through morphological and marker-assisted selection

Bacterial blight (BB) is a major production threat to Basmati, the aromatic rice prized for its unique quality. In order to improve the BB resistance of two elite, traditional BB-susceptible Basmati varieties (Taraori Basmati and Basmati 386), we utilized the strategy of limited marker-assisted backcrossing for introgression of two major BB resistance genes, Xa21 and xa13, coupled with phenotype-based selection for improvement of their plant type and yield. Improved Samba Mahsuri, an elite high-yielding, fine-grain-type BB-resistant rice variety served as donor for BB resistance. Backcross-derived improved Basmati lines at BC1F5 possessing a single resistance gene (i.e. either Xa21 or xa13) displayed moderate resistance to BB, while lines possessing both Xa21 and xa13 showed significantly higher levels of resistance. Two-gene pyramid lines (Xa21 + xa13) possessing good grain and cooking quality similar to their respective traditional Basmati parents, short plant stature (<110 cm plant height) and higher grain yield than the recurrent parent(s) were identified and advanced. This work demonstrates the successful application of marker-assisted selection in conjunction with phenotype-based selection for targeted introgression of multiple resistance genes into traditional Basmati varieties along with improvement of their plant stature and yield

Local Admixture of Amplified and Diversified Secreted Pathogenesis Determinants Shapes Mosaic \u3cem\u3eToxoplasma gondii\u3c/em\u3e Genomes

Toxoplasma gondii is among the most prevalent parasites worldwide, infecting many wild and domestic animals and causing zoonotic infections in humans. T. gondii differs substantially in its broad distribution from closely related parasites that typically have narrow, specialized host ranges. To elucidate the genetic basis for these differences, we compared the genomes of 62 globally distributed T. gondii isolates to several closely related coccidian parasites. Our findings reveal that tandem amplification and diversification of secretory pathogenesis determinants is the primary feature that distinguishes the closely related genomes of these biologically diverse parasites. We further show that the unusual population structure of T. gondii is characterized by clade-specific inheritance of large conserved haploblocks that are significantly enriched in tandemly clustered secretory pathogenesis determinants. The shared inheritance of these conserved haploblocks, which show a different ancestry than the genome as a whole, may thus influence transmission, host range and pathogenicity