Group velocity of neutrino waves

We follow up on the analysis of Mecozzi and Bellini (arXiv:1110:1253v1) where they showed, in principle, the possibility of superluminal propagation of neutrinos, as indicated by the recent OPERA result. We refine the analysis by introducing wave packets for the superposition of energy eigenstates and discuss the implications of their results with realistic values for the mixing and mass parameters in a full three neutrino mixing scenario. Our analysis shows the possibility of superluminal propagation of neutrino flavour in a very narrow range of neutrino parameter space. Simultaneously this reduces the number of observable events drastically. Therefore, the OPERA result cannot be explained in this frame-work.Comment: 10 pages revtex with 2 figures. Important changes have been made; in particular, it has been revised to include a discussion on the nature of the measurement and its impact on the resul

Sequestration of pRb by cyclin D3 causes intranuclear reorganization of lamin A/C during muscle cell differentiation

The A-type lamins that localize in nuclear domains termed lamin speckles are reorganized and antigenically masked specifically during myoblast differentiation. This rearrangement was observed to be linked to the myogenic program as lamin speckles, stained with monoclonal antibody (mAb) LA-2H10, were reorganized in MyoD-transfected fibroblasts induced to transdifferentiate to muscle cells. In C2C12 myoblasts, speckles were reorganized early during differentiation in cyclin D3-expressing cells. Ectopic cyclin D3 induced lamin reorganization in C2C12 myoblasts but not in other cell types. Experiments with adenovirus E1A protein that can bind to and segregate the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) indicated that pRb was essential for the cyclin D3-mediated reorganization of lamin speckles. Cyclin D3-expressing myoblasts displayed site-specific reduction of pRb phosphorylation. Furthermore, disruption of lamin structures by overexpression of lamins inhibited expression of the muscle regulatory factor myogenin. Our results suggest that the reorganization of internal lamins in muscle cells is mediated by key regulators of the muscle differentiation program

A Study on the Effectiveness of Fascial Manipulation in Amateur Bicyclists with Symptomatic Upper Cross Syndrome

INTRODUCTION: Upper cross syndrome is becoming more prevalent in today's population. It develops because of imbalances among muscles and its motor control. The term upper crossed syndrome was coined by Dr. Vladimir Janda (1988). The upper cross syndrome is defined as tightness of the upper trapezius, pectoralis major, and levator scapulae and weakness of the rhomboids, serratus anterior, middle and lower trapezius, and the deep neck flexors (Rectus Capitus Anterior, Rectus Capitus Lateralis, Longus Capitus, Longus Colli) and the scalene muscles. Janda named this syndrome ‘‘Upper Crossed’’ because when the weakened and shortened muscles are connected in the upper body, they form a cross. (Umashankar Mohanty - 2015). Upper-cross syndrome (UCS) is also referred to as proximal or shoulder girdle crossed syndrome (Vladimir Janda 1988). In UCS, tightness of the upper trapezius and levator scapula on the dorsal side crosses with tightness of the pectoralis major and minor. Weakness of the deep cervical flexors ventrally crosses with weakness of the middle and lower trapezius. This pattern of imbalance creates joint dysfunction, particularly at the atlanto-occipital joint, C4-C5 segment, cervicothoracic joint, glenohumeral joint, and T4-T5 segment. Janda noted that these focal areas of stress within the spine correspond to transitional zones in which neighboring vertebrae change in morphology. OBJECTIVES: 1. To experiment the efficacy of Fascial Manipulation on pain among patients who are amateur bicyclists with symptomatic Upper Cross Syndrome. 2. To experiment the efficacy of Fascial Manipulation in neck function in patients who are amateur bicyclists with symptomatic Upper Cross Syndrome. METHODOLOGY: 10 Subjects who are recreational bicyclists with Upper cross syndrome with symptoms of neck, shoulder and/or arm pain were recruited from various places of the city through snowball referral sampling. Signed consent from the participants obtained on a purely voluntary basis. Out of 10 subjects 7 males and 3 females, mean age 26 years. Subjects were informed about every single treatment method and the modes of evaluation. Study Setting: The study was conducted in the Physiotherapy out-patient department of RVS College of Physiotherapy, Sulur, Coimbatore. Selection of subjects: Ten Patients were randomly selected who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Variables: Dependent variables: Pain, Neck Disability. Independent variable: Fascial Manipulation. Study Design The study design used was a pre-test and post-test experimental design. Inclusion criteria: • Clinically Patients diagnosed with Upper Cross Syndrome, • Both genders, • Age group of 18 to 30 years, • Amateur bicyclists who ride bicycle weekly atleast 5 to 8 hours, • Any profession, • With or without radiating pain in upper extremities, • Any duration of symptoms. Exclusion criteria: • Cervical instability, • Cord compression, • Spinal tumors, • Spinal infections, • Debilitating Cardio vascular diseases, • Severe osteoporosis, • Cervical myelopathy, • Ligamentous instability, • Vertebral artery insufficiency, • Patients on Anelgesics, • Patients on Anti-inflammatory drugs, • Ankylosing Spondylitis, • Spondylo-arthropathy, • Altered Sensorium. RESULTS: Ten clinically diagnosed symptomatic upper cross syndrome subjects were taken for the study and were treated with fascial manipulation for a period of ten days. Pain and neck disability index were measured before intervention and after two sessions of fascial manipulation with 5 days interval. Analysis of dependent variable pain in patients: In the patients for pain the calculated paired ‘t’ value is 9.78 and ‘t’ table value is 3.250 at 0.005 level. Since the calculated ‘t’ value is more than ‘t’ table value, it shows that there is significant difference in pain following Fascial Manipulation in amateur bicyclists with Upper Cross Syndrome. Analysis of dependent variable Neck Disability Index in patients: In the patients for neck disability the calculated paired ‘t’ value is 59.9 and ‘t’ table value is 3.250 at 0.005 level. Since the calculated ‘t’ value is more than ‘t’ table value, it shows that there is significant difference in pain following Fascial Manipulation in amateur bicyclists with UCS. CONCLUSION: The study was conducted on 10 subjects aimed to discover the effectiveness of Fascial Manipulation in amateur bicyclists with symptomatic Upper Cross Syndrome. It was proceeded with 2 sessions of Fascial Manipulation in 5 days interval. Pre and post treatment values calculated with VAS and Neck disability index score and from the results it can be concluded that there is significant difference in reduction of pain and neck disability in the patient population

Effectiveness of neem flower powder for worm infestation in pre-school children (3-6 yrs) in selected villages at Cheyyur Taluk

Effectiveness of Neem Flower Powder on Worm Infestation among Pre-School Children (3-6 Years) In Selected Villages in Cheyyur Taluk at Kancheepuram district. OBJECTIVES 1. To assess the prevalence of worm infestation among preschool children. 2. To compare the degree of worm infestation among pre-school children before and after administration of neem flower powder. 3. To associate between the demographic variables and the degree of worm infestation among pre-school children before and after administration of neem flower powder. 4. To associate between the selected standard of living and the degree of worm infestation among pre-school children before and after administration of neem flower powder. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS Worm infestation It refers to state in which stool is positive ova/cyst s confined with the help of microscope and measured using observational checklist for degree of worm infestation Neem flower powder It is a form of powder made from neem flower. Pre-school children Children between the age group of 3-6 years. Effectiveness It is an expected outcome of neem flower powder for worm infestation in pre-school children measured by observational checklist for degree of worm infestation is consider effectiveness in this study. ASSUMPTIONS: Periodic deworming can help to prevent many health problem, growth failure, anaemia, vitamin deficiencies and pica. Neem flower is effective to treat the worm infestation. HYPOTHESES 1. H0 – There will be no significant difference between degree of worm infestation before and after administration of neem flower powder. 2. H1 – There will be significant difference between degree of worm infestation before and after administration of neem flower powder. DELIMITATIONS: Pre-school children who belong to the age group of 3-6 yrs. The pre-school children who are willing to participate in the study. Pre-school children who can speak Tamil / English. PROECTED OUTCOME The study will give a clear understanding of pre-school children with worm infestation. The outcome of the study will help the nursing personnel to implement the herbal medicine to the pre-school children and also create awareness among mothers regarding the medicine. Hence, the quality of life of pre-school children can be improved

Comparison of Clinicopathological Parameters and Molecular Classification of Breast Cancers

AIM OF THE STUDY: This is a retrospective study of 60 cases, to detect the expression of ER, PR, HER2neu, CK5/6 and Ki67 proliferation index in breast carcinomas by immunohistochemical method and to determine the newer molecular classification. Few patients have recurrence inspite of being diagnosed under the category of low risk and few do well in the high risk group which can be attributed to the molecular level differentiation. The aim of this study to classify the patients under molecular classification, to compare the clinicopathological parameters with it and to denote the significance of targeted therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of detecting the expression of the above said markers in modified radical mastectomy specimens received at the Institute of Pathology, Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai during the period from January 2011 to June 2013. 4 microns thick sections of the paraffin tissue blocks were Hematoxylin and eosin stained and reported as Infiltrating ductal carcinoma no special type (IDC NST) and its special variants like medullary, papillary, metaplastic, lobular, mucinous and apocrine carcinoma. A total of 60 cases which included 30 of IDC NST and 30 cases of special variants were selected for immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: Out of the 60 cases studied, the most common was found to be the luminal A type comprising 37% and the least common was the luminal B and hybrid types each comprising 8%. The most common grade for HER2 was Grade III (50%). The association of histological grade with the molecular classification was statistically significant with the p value of 0.01. Basal type (56%) had the highest incidence of N3 stage.ER, PR, HER2 neu, CK5/6 expression and proliferation index with Ki67 had a statistically significant association with the molecular classification. High proliferation index (>14%) with Ki67 was noted in Luminal B, Basal and Hybrid types. 78% of the total 60 cases were alive and healthy. One death was reported in HER2, Hybrid and Basal types. The negative kappa value obtained while studying the agreement between the histopathological and molecular classification, indicates that the agreement is worse than chance and hence the importance of molecular classification is substantiated for the targeted therapy. CONCLUSION: To conclude, breast cancers are heterogenous and having diverse clinical outcomes, these researches on molecular subgroups would pave way towards the “personalisation” of treatment for breast cancers with the more feasible and economic tool of immunohistochemistry

Identification of cyclin D3 as a new interaction partner of lamin A/C

Lamin A/C is a major component of the nuclear lamina. An intact nuclear lamina has been proposed to be necessary for muscle differentiation. Cyclin D3 is known to be upregulated in differentiated muscle cells and to form insoluble complexes with cell-cycle regulatory factors in these cells. We have examined the possibility of direct binding interactions between lamin A/C and cyclin D3 by in vitro binding assays and co-immunoprecipitation studies with muscle cells. Our results indicate that cyclin D3 binds specifically to amino acid residues 383–474 of lamin A/C and associates with lamin A/C in muscle cells. The identification of cyclin D3 as a novel binding partner of lamin A/C has important implications for a role for lamin A/C in muscle differentiation