Yeast lipases: enzyme purification, biochemical properties and gene cloning

Lipases are placed only after proteases and carbohydrases in world enzyme market and share about 5% of enzyme market. They occur in plants, animals and microorganisms and are accordingly classified as plant, animal and microbial lipases. Wherever they exist, they function to catalyze hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acid. Like carbohydrases and proteases, lipases of microbial origin enjoy greater industrial importance as they are more stable (compared to plant and animal lipases) and can be obtained in bulk at low cost. Majority of yeast lipases are extracelluar, monomericglycoproteins with molecular weight ranging between ~33 to ~65 kD. More than 50% reported lipases producing yeast, produce it in the forms of various isozymes. These lipase isozymes are in turn produced by various lipase encoding genes. Among many lipase producing yeasts Candida rugosa is most frequently used yeast as the source of lipase commercially. This review is aimed at compiling the information on properties of various yeast lipases and genes encoding them

Rarefaction curves for fungal OTUs clustering at 97% rRNA sequence similarity from the five niches of <i>C</i>. <i>sativus</i>.

<p>Rarefaction curves represent more diversity in bulk soil during dormant stage as compared to rhizosphere and cormosphere. Curves represent sequences for bulk soil, cormosphere and rhizosphere during flowering and bulk and cormosphere during dormant stage of <i>C</i>. <i>sativus</i>.</p

Relative abundance of fungal genera in the bulk soil, cormosphere and rhizosphere during flowering stage and bulk soil and cormosphere during dormant stage of <i>C</i>. <i>sativus</i>.

<p>During flowering stage, <i>Pseudogymnoascus</i> (30.54%) was dominant in bulk soil, <i>Rhizopus</i> (46.62%) in rhizosphere and yet–to–be–cultivated <i>Basidiomycota</i> fungi (92.6%) in cormosphere. Yet-to-be-cultivated <i>Ascomycota</i> fungi were dominant in Bulk soil = 57.50% and cormosphere = 99.7% during dormant stage.</p

Jackknife dendrogram of fungal communities associated with bulk soil, cormosphere and rhizosphere during flowering stage and bulk soil and cormosphere during dormant stage of <i>C</i>. <i>sativus</i>.

<p>The Jackknife tree depicts that the rhizosphere is phylogenetically similar to cormosphere during flowering stage than other samples.</p

Dominance pattern of fungal community in each of niche during two growth stages.

<p>During flowering stage, dominance of <i>Rhizopus arrhizus (Zygomycota</i> phylum) in rhizosphere, <i>Pseudogymnoascus roseus (Ascomycota</i> phylum) in bulk soil was observed whereas in the cormosphere, the sequences belonging to dominant <i>Basidiomycota</i> phylum could not be classified upto genera or species level. During dormant stage, <i>Rhizopus arrhizus (Zygomycota</i> phylum) was dominant in cormosphere whereas in the bulk soil the sequences belonging to dominant <i>Ascomycota</i> phylum could not be classified upto genera or species level. In the figure, P represents phylum, G represents genus and S represents species of fungi.</p

Comparison of relative abundance of fungal phyla in bulk soil, rhizosphere and cormosphere during flowering and dormant stage.

<p>The comparison indicates the dominance of <i>Zygomycota</i> in rhizosphere and cormosphere (dormant stage), <i>Basidiomycota</i> in cormosphere (Flowering stage) and <i>Ascomycota</i> in bulk soil during both stages.</p

Comparative Metagenomics Reveal Phylum Level Temporal and Spatial Changes in Mycobiome of Belowground Parts of <i>Crocus sativus</i> - Fig 6

<p><b>Venn Diagrams reporting the number of OTUs shared among investigated <i>C</i>. <i>sativus</i> sample types A) bulk soil, cormosphere and rhizosphere during flowering stage. B) bulk soil and cormosphere during dormant stage C) cormosphere during flowering and dormant stage.</b> During flowering stage, out of total 235 OTUs, only 13 OTUs were shared by all the three niches whereas during dormant stage, only 10 OTUs were common out of 115 OTUs. Total of 105 OTUs were catalogued from cormosphere during two growth stages out of which only 7 OTUs were common.</p

Chao1 and Shannon diversity indices of five different niches during two growth stages.

<p>Chao1 and Shannon diversity indices of five different niches during two growth stages.</p