Process Matters: Specialization in Federal Appellate Review of Noncapital Section 2254 Cases

This Note assesses the need for specialized review in the federal circuit courts of noncapital habeas cases brought by state prisoners under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. It first argues that the complexity of federal habeas law, the substantial disuniformity between circuits, the conflicting visions proffered by the Warren Court’s habeas jurisprudence and Congress’s recent statutory enactments—together with the greatest stakes possible at issue, liberty—are all factors warranting the creation of a national court of appeals that would hear only habeas cases. Recognizing, however, that creating such a court is a low priority for Congress at best and simply unfeasible at worst, this Note also makes another recommendation for injecting specialized review into appellate adjudication. Specifically, the circuit courts’ use of line staff attorneys to screen petitions can be much improved by creating a career staff attorney position dedicated solely to review of noncapital § 2254 cases. A formal position will attract better candidates, have lower rates of turnover, and concentrate experience and expertise to the benefit of judges and litigants

DETERMINATION OF VINDOLINE AND RUTIN CONTENT IN FIVE DIFFERENT MORPHOTYPES OF CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS LEAVES USING HPLC

Objective: To determine total phenolic and flavonoids contents and also quantify vindoline and rutin in different morphotypes of Catharanthus roseus using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Methods: Total flavonoids content (TFC) was determined by Aluminium chloride colorimetric and total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay. The chromatographic separation was done by using a C18 column at room temperature and eluted with a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of phosphate buffer (pH=5.8) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/minute and detection was carried out at 254 nm. Results: TPC and TFC content was found highest in Cr00DP and lowest in Cr00WFSRE. Results also showed that the purple morphotypes Cr00DP gives more vindoline (0.3 mg/g) and rutin (18.57 mg/g) concentration compared to the pink morphotype Cr00PFRE contained 18.3 mg/g rutin and 0.2 mg/g vindoline. White morphotypes contained 0.383 mg/g rutin and 0.004 mg/g vindoline which was significantly less as compared to purple and pink morphotypes. Conclusion: The plant has significant number of alkaloids and flavonoids. The obtained outcomes from different morphotypes are thus significant for the purpose of vindoline and rutin isolation from Catharanthus roseus plant. These isolated bioactive phytoconstituents are a good candidate for further pharmacological and clinical study

Malnutrition Analysis Based on Food Consumption and Other Factors in Under- Graduate Students of Chandigarh University

Students' time at the university tends to be defined by a significant change in their dietary habits and lifestyle which exposes them to a number of risk factors associated with malnutrition, predisposition of various metabolic disorders, which are linked to nutrition. The aim of the study was to appraise the factors responsible for malnutrition in under-graduate students at Chandigarh University. Four hundred students of both the gender, aged between 18- 26 years old were screened for the study. Anthropometric parameters (including Height, weight and BMI) were taken into consideration for the assessment, besides each participant completed a dietary pattern and lifestyle questionnaire. The mean Height and weight of participants were 165.46 ± 11.28 and 64.77 ± 13.93 respectively, and BMI was 23.61 ± 4.16 kg/m2. All the age categories were impacted, around 5% were underweight, 24.25% were overweight and 5.5% were obese. . Inadequate consumption of whole grains, protein rich food, green leafy vegetables and fruits was observed amidst the population of students pertinent to the eating patterns. The majority of the eaten carbohydrates came from cereal. In addition, 21% of them followed a diet lacking variety, and 2% of them experienced severe food insecurity. 6% of them had low nutritional intake. Except for carbs, which exceeded the suggested reference values and made up 62.69–13.84% of the students per diem energy uptake, the students' consumption of macronutrients was within the recommended reference ranges. Additionally, only 32.2% of respondents reported getting enough energy. A high incidence of overweight was linked to a diet that lacked variety. Both types of malnutrition are common among Chandigarh University students, and educating this young population about nutrition will be crucial to preventing consequences from malnutrition in later life

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF BIOACTIVE CONSTITUENTS OF CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

Objective: The main objectives of this study were analysis of the phytochemicals produced by two different Catharanthus roseus morphotypes, i.e., pink and white flowered and evaluate it morphologically and phytochemically in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant properties, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Methods: Methanolic extracts of both morphotypes were prepared by Soxhlet apparatus. After extraction, the extracts were filtered and solvent removed by rotatory evaporator. TPC was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent method and TFC was estimated by aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities were estimated by superoxide dismutase and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay. GC-MS analysis was performed at Central Instrumentation Laboratory/ SAIF, Panjab University, Chandigarh.  Results: Pink-flowered C. roseus showed highest activities in terms of TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity as compared to white-flowered C. roseus. 42 different bioactive compounds were detected in the methanolic extract of pink, while only 7 compounds were identified in white-flowered C. roseus. The identification was performed by GS-MS analysis mainly based on retention time, peak area, molecular formula, and molecular weight. Conclusion: The finding indicated that the pink-flowered C. roseus was phytochemically superior then the white one

Spectral Properties of Jacobi-like Band Matrices on the Sequence Space ℓp\ell_p

In this paper, the spectral properties of a class of Jacobi-like operators defined over the sequence space $\ell_{p}, (1<p<\infty)$ which has a representation of an infinite band matrix where the entries of each non-zero band form a sequence with two limit points are investigated. The idea of compact perturbation is used to study the spectrum. Several spectral subdivisions are obtained. In addition, a few sufficient conditions on the absence of point spectrum over the essential spectrum are also discussed

microRNA Utilization as a Potential Tool for Stress Tolerance in Plants

This chapter describe the possibilities of MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in crop plants gene expression regulation in different metabolic pathways. Several current researches have shown different environmental stresses induce abnormal expression of miRNA, thus signifying that miRNAs may be an appropriate tool for genetical improvement in plant for stress tolerance. These miRNAs mainly control gene expression through translational inhibition. Generally, stress induce miRNAs-based inhibition of their target mRNAs, however, positive transcription factors accumulated and become more active after mRNA inhibition. Initially, researchers were mainly focused on miRNA identification, appropriate to specific or multiple environmental condition, expression profiling and recognize their roles in stress tolerance. Transformed miRNA expression studied in some plant species for better understanding of plant development and stress tolerance such as heavy metal, salinity, temperature, drought and nutrient deficiency. All these findings indicate that miRNAs act as a potential tool for genetic engineering and to enhance stress tolerance in crop plants

Quantum Circuit Components for Cognitive Decision-Making

This paper demonstrates that some nonclassical models of human decision-making can be run successfully as circuits on quantum computers. Since the 1960s, many observed cognitive behaviors have been shown to violate rules based on classical probability and set theory. For example, the order in which questions are posed affects whether participants answer 'yes' or 'no', so the population that answers `yes' to both questions cannot be modeled as the intersection of two fixed sets. It can however be modeled as a sequence of projections carried out in different orders. This and other examples have been described successfully using quantum probability, which relies on comparing angles between subspaces rather than volumes between subsets. Now in the early 2020s, quantum computers have reached the point where some of these quantum cognitive models can be implemented and investigated on quantum hardware, representing the mental states in qubit registers, and the cognitive operations and decisions using different gates and measurements. This paper develops such quantum circuit representations for quantum cognitive models, focusing particularly on modeling order effects and decision-making under uncertainty. The claim is not that the human brain uses qubits and quantum circuits explicitly (just like the use of Boolean set theory does not require the brain to be using classical bits), but that the mathematics shared between quantum cognition and quantum computing motivates the exploration of quantum computers for cognition modelling. Key quantum properties include superposition, entanglement, and collapse, as these mathematical elements provide a common language between cognitive models, quantum hardware, and circuit implementations

Ethno-veterinary study of medicinal plants in Charkhi Dadri district of Haryana, India

Ethno-veterinary medicinal plants are important as they are used extensively in many rural areas of the world where people heavily rely on traditional herbal treatments to treat their domestic animals. Indigenous herbal remedies utilized for centuries to keep animals healthy and verbally passed down through the generations. Charkhi Dadri is a district of Haryana situated in the Trans-Gangetic Plains area of India. A total of 45 distinct medicinal plants were studied from 31 families to explore their ethno-veterinary uses of which herbs comprised the majority of the plants followed by trees, shrubs, and climbers. The seeds, leaves and whole plants are the most popular plant parts used. The people can use the documentation of this native knowledge to promote the adoption of traditional methods for treating livestock problems since time immemorial. The findings of this study demonstrate the viability of traditional medicine, which primarily relies on the usage of medicinal herbs to provide for the healthcare needs of cattle in the Charkhi Dadri District of Haryana. The information gathered from the region’s livestock farmers may also utilize to manage the nation’s system for caring for livestock and enhance the quality of life in humans

Effect of slow breathing training on heart rate, spontaneous respiratory rate and pattern of breathing

Background: The study was performed to see the effect of slow breathing (6 breaths/minute) training on spontaneous respiratory rate, heart rate and pattern of breathing.Methods: Sixty subjects between the ages 20-50 years were included in the study. After the rest of 10 -15 minutes in a comfortable sitting posture their baseline heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and pattern of breathing were recorded on digital polygraph. Then they were guided to do slow breathing maintaining rate of around 6 per minute. Subjects were then instructed to do slow breathing exercise for 8-10 minutes twice daily for next three months. Subjects reported back after three months of practicing slow breathing and their HR, RR, and pattern of breathing were again assessed by digital polygraph.Results: After three months of practicing slow breathing there was statistically significant reduction in heart rate and spontaneous respiratory rate. Shifting of pattern of breathing from thoracic pattern to abdominal pattern of breathing was also very highly significant.Conclusions: The study showed that slow breathing technique causes comprehensive change in body physiology by controlling autonomic nervous system. It regularizes rate and pattern of breathing.