A comparative study of efficacy of letrozole and clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of letrozole as an ovulation inducing agent and to compare it with clomiphene citrate (CC) in infertile women.Methods: This study includes 100 women referred to gynecology OPD of Pt. B.D Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak with   infertility due to dysovulation. The patients were divided in two groups each comprised of 50 patients, Alternate women were enrolled in study group (Letrozole). Ultrasonic follicular monitoring was done on day 10, 12, 14, 16 of menstrual cycle to measure the number, size of mature follicles. Endometrial thickness and trilaminar pattern of endometrium was compared in between the groups. Inj. Gonadotrophin (hCG) was given as a trigger intramuscularly when follicle size was between 18 to 21mm. After 36 hours of hCG administration ovulation was confirmed on ultrasound.Results: Mean age, parity, and the duration of infertility were similar in both groups. Ovulation rate was 81.6% in letrozole group and was higher than control group(p<.01). The average number of follicles in the control group was 1.90±0.77and 1.17±0.47 in the study group(p<.001). Endometrial thickness in the study group was 7.55±1.12mm and in the control group it was 6.06±0.87(p<.01). Pregnancy rate in study group was 48 % and control group 16%(p<.05).Conclusions: Aromatase inhibitors (Letrozole) is a new group of drugs to join the arsenal of infertility treatments. The result of this preliminary study suggests that letrozole is associated with higher ovulation rate, higher endometrial thickness and trilaminar pattern thus resulting in higher pregnancy rate. Clomiphene citrate may be replaced by letrozole as primary treatment for ovulation induction in infertile patients

THERAPIES IN CANCER TREATMENT: AN OVERVIEW

Cancer is one of the most frequent and distressing diseases. The mortality caused by cancer and its prevalence has increased during the last 50 years. Cancer is still one of the most destructive disease of human beings due to its complexity and progressive nature and the clinical management of this deadly disease continue to be a challenge for the 21stcentury. Various types of cancer are reported in literature such as Carcinoma, Sarcoma, Lymphoma, leukemia, Blastoma and Germ cell tumor. There is a continuous need for new and better cancer therapies. A few years ago, surgery and radiotherapy were the only effective way to fight tumor growth. Now various therapies for the treatment of cancer have been developed including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, proton therapy, thermotherapy, Photodynamic therapy, laser therapy, sentinel lymph node biopsy, cryotherapy and differentiation therapy. These therapies have dramatically changed the scenario of cancer treatment. Further research is also needed to discriminate the various genes and signaling pathways in the process of the carcinogenesis of cancer stem cells for the development of novel therapies, with the ultimate goal of eliminating the residual disease and recurrence. This review aims to present the various types, stages of cancer and also focus on various therapies used for the treatment of cancer.Â

Cystic fibrosis presenting as small bowel obstruction in pediatric patient: a case report

Intestinal obstruction complete or incomplete has been found commonly in patients with cystic fibrosis in all age groups with variable presentation. Prevalence of intestinal obstruction in children with cystic fibrosis is 7-8%. Neonates present with meconium ileus due to inspissated meconium and complete obstruction. This case demonstrates similar presentation in a pediatric patient. A six day old male patient presented in the pediatric surgery department with abdominal distention, vomiting and fever. Patient was operated and intraoperative meconium plug was seen along with dilated proximal bowel, filled with sticky meconium. Resected gut segment was received in the Department of Pathology. Grossly dilated gut segment on cut section was seen filled with thick putty like greenish fecal matter. Histopathological examination showed features consistent with cystic fibrosis. There are multiple causes for intestinal obstruction in neonates, cystic fibrosis can be one of them which needs to be considered by the clinicians. Such cases need to be reported for better understanding of their clinico-pathological presentation and prevalence

REVIEW OF DESIGNING FOR FRACTIONAL- ORDER FRACTIONAL-DELAY DIGITAL FILTER

Abstract: Design and applications of fractional order digital differentiators is the main objective of this paper. Fractional order differentiators are examples of fractional order systems. In this paper, a brief survey of the design techniques of fractional delay digital differentiator is given. Fractional delay filter is a device for band limited interpolation between samples. It finds applications in numerous fields of signal processing, including communications, array processing, speech processing, and music technology. In this paper, we present a review of FIR and all pass filter design techniques for band limited approximation of a fractional digital delay. Emphasis is on simple and efficient methods that are well suited for fast coefficient update or continuous control of the delay value. Various new approaches are proposed and several examples are provided to illustrate the performance of the methods. We focus on four applications where fractional delay filers are needed: synchronization of digital modems, in commensurate sampling rate conversion, high-resolution pitch prediction, and sound synthesis of musical instruments

Use of information and communication technology (ICT) for rural housing

47-53This paper proposes a method to use ICT as a decision support system in rural housing. The need of using ICT extensively arise from the fact that traditional societies have started using modern material without engineering and architectural knowledge support. Often masons are finding themselves as advisors to the house builders. Creative usages of engineering materials have created structures which are uncomfortable and dangerous. Building hygiene factors like thermal comfort, seismic resilience, wind resistance, cyclone etc. have not been the forte of the traditional knowledge base, especially in context of modern materials. As mobile phones and Pcs are becoming ubiquitous, there is an opportunity to provide such a knowledge support. This paper proposes a methodology for development of such ICT decision support systems such that it can clearly demonstrate the pros and cons of each material and technology choice within the socio cultural framework of the user

Dy3+ and Sm3+ ratio variation effects on electrical properties of lithium fluoride bismuth borate glass system

Since less attention was paid to study of electric properties of glasses doped with RE ions, in present work conductivity (AC and DC) and dielectric properties of Dysprosium (Dy3+) and Samarium (Sm3+) ion co-doped 60B2O3•30LiF•10Bi2O3 glasses were examined. Conventional melt quench method was used to synthesize the amorphous glass samples. It was observed that dc conductivity obeyed the Arrhenius law and the ac conductivity followed Jonscher's Power Law. The Conductivity mechanism was investigated on the basis of the trend followed by frequency exponent “s” parameter and all the compositions satisfied the Overlapping large polaron tunnelling (OLPT) model. Dielectric properties: Dielectric Constant (ε′), Dielectric loss (ε'′) and tangent loss (tanδ) were also investigated and observed to decrease with frequency and finally attained a minimum constant value at higher frequencies. The high rate of change in dielectric properties at low frequencies was attributed to space charge polarization while at higher frequencies it was decreased due to inertia of ions. Cole-Cole plots encompasses depressed semicircular arcs which evidenced the presence of constant phase element and non-Debye relaxation behaviour