caullerya_ITS_alignment

caullerya_ITS_alignmen

microsatellite data without individuals with missing loci (expect SwiD2)

Genepop file for microsatellite data used for all analyses. Individuals with missing loci were deleted for this file

Possible encounters within and between the two parental species (class 1 and 2) and F1-hybrids (class 3) during the phase of sexual reproduction, resulting in ephippia of parental species, F1-hybrids, both backcrosses and F2-hybrids (<i>E</i>_<i>j</i>, <i>j</i> = 1–6).

<p><i>m</i>: fraction of males, <i>f</i>: fraction of sexual females. <i>S</i>_<i>1</i><i>-S</i>_<i>3</i>: sexual individuals of class 1–3.</p

Total numbers of individuals (asexual and sexual) of the two parental species and F1-hybrids over 36500 days (100 years) with F1-hybrids having reduced hatching success from sexually produced dormant eggs (50% lower hatching rates, and about 15% higher fraction of empty ephippia, compared to parental species) and parental species having different growth rates.

<p>The <i>ε</i> of the seasonal function of F1-hybrids differed during winter to simulate their increased/enhanced overwinter performance as asexual individuals (ε = 0.1 for an 80% higher growth rate). The growth rate of F1-hybrids is 0.35. Differences in the average annual temperature (changes of -3 °C, -5 °C, +3 °C, and +5 °C) were applied for each scenario of different parental growth rates. The <i>top row</i> represents scenario A, where parental species have the same growth rate, the <i>mid top row</i> represents scenario B, where parental species 1 has a higher growth rate than parental species 2, the <i>mid row</i> represents scenario C, where the absolute growth rate of parental species alternates every two years, the <i>mid bottom row</i> represents scenario D, where growth rate of parental species alternates within the year and the <i>bottom row</i> represents scenario E, where the second species was introduced after 100 years, having a higher growth rate (graphs show the 100 years after parental species 2 had entered the system).</p

Parameters of the model.

<p>The phrase “empty ephippia” refers to ephippia not containing any eggs.</p

Table_1_Adaptation of a Chytrid Parasite to Its Cyanobacterial Host Is Hampered by Host Intraspecific Diversity.docx

<p>Experimental evolution can be used to test for and characterize parasite and pathogen adaptation. We undertook a serial-passage experiment in which a single parasite population of the obligate fungal (chytrid) parasite Rhizophydium megarrhizum was maintained over a period of 200 days under different mono- and multiclonal compositions of its phytoplankton host, the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Planktothrix. Despite initially inferior performance, parasite populations under sustained exposure to novel monoclonal hosts experienced rapid fitness increases evidenced by increased transmission rates. This demonstrates rapid adaptation of chytrids to novel hosts and highlights their high evolutionary potential. In contrast, increased fitness was not detected in parasites exposed to multiclonal host mixtures, indicating that cyanobacterial intraspecific diversity hampers parasites adaptation. Significant increases in intensity of infection were observed in monoclonal and multiclonal treatments, suggesting high evolvability of traits involved in parasite attachment onto hosts (i.e., encystment). A comparison of the performance of evolved and unevolved (control) parasite populations against their common ancestral host did not reveal parasite attenuation. Our results exemplify the ability of chytrid parasites to adapt rapidly to new hosts, while providing experimental evidence that genetic diversity in host populations grants increased resistance to disease by hindering parasite adaptation.</p

The establishment of hybrids of the <i>Daphnia longispina</i> complex explained by a mathematical model incorporating different overwintering life history strategies - Fig 3

<p>Total numbers of individuals (asexual and sexual) of the two parental species and F1-hybrids over 36500 days (100 years) with: F1-hybrids having reduced hatching success from sexually produced dormant eggs (50% lower hatching rates and about 15% higher fraction of empty ephippia, compared to parental species), no increased/enhanced overwinter performance for F1-hybrids <i>(left column</i>), increased overwinter performance of F1-hybrids (ε = 0.1 in φ(t) for an 80% higher growth rate during winter, <i>middle column</i>), and F1-hybrids having increased overwinter performance and reduced growth rate during the year (<i>right column</i>). The <i>top row</i> represents scenario A, where parental species have the same growth rate, the <i>mid top row</i> represents scenario B, where parental species 1 has a higher growth rate than parental species 2, the <i>mid row</i> represents scenario C, where the absolute growth rate of parental species alternates every two years, the <i>mid bottom row</i> represents scenario D, where growth rate of parental species alternates within the year and the <i>bottom row</i> represents scenario E, where the second species was introduced after 100 years, having a higher growth rate (graphs show the 100 years after parental species 2 had entered the system).</p

Morphological parameters of adult daphnia magna

This Excel sheet contains the morphological parameters of the adult Daphnids (Daphnia magna) examined during the experiment until primiparity to the 5th clutch

Morphological parameters of juvenile daphnia magna

This Excel sheet contains the morphological parameters of the juvenile Daphnids (Daphnia magna) examined during the experiment. These were the offspring of the adult Daphnids as described in the publication. From the 1st, 3rd and 5th clutch we measured the morphological parameters of animals from each replicate

Number of Offspring

This Excel Sheet contains the absolute number of neonates produced by the adult daphnids (Daphnia magna) from the 1st to the 5th clutch