Ayer Hitam Forest (AHFR) from space using satellite remote sensing

There is a high demand to map and monitor the land use and assess their condition for ecological and economic reasons. Information on existing land and cover and their spatial distribution is a pre-requisite for any planning, development and management programme. In this study, Landsat TM data of 1998 were acquired over the AHFR and it's vicinity which covers an area more than 1, 300 ha. The objective of this paper is to map AHFR and assess the land cover of AHFR in 1998 as well as its surrounding area using remote sensing technology. Digital data processing and analysis were carried out using PCI/EASI PACE software, version 6.2 available in Faculty of Forestry, UPM. A false Colour Composite (FCC) of Landsat TM band 4-5-3 (R-G-B) was used in supervised classification using Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC). From a visual interpretation, several features of AHFR could be identified such as federal road, forest road, cleared land, built-up area, oil palm, water bodies and rubber plantation etc. Meanwhile, digital classification showed that seven land use types surrounding AHFR such as forest, secondary forest/shrubs, oil palm, rubber, built-up area, cleared land and water bodies could a easily be mapped out. The mean overall classification accuracy obtained is 86.08 percent with an average accuracy o] 85.64 percent. Satellite map of AHFR is found to be useful for the macro planning and management purposes especially on the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) if further development on the area is to be politicized

Empirical forecasting practices of a British university

This article is based on a single case study aimed at examining behavioral issues of forecasting, in particular the role and practice of forecasting in a British university settings. Key variables were identified in establishing associations between the variables that provide suitable criteria for the purpose of this study. Data collection was based on questionnaires distributed to people involved and interviews which were held with prominent staff of the University. Fisher-exact tests were performed to identify significant associations between variables. Results indicated the various levels of perceptions and practices of forecasting produced by the people involved at the University. The study implies that useful insights can be gathered through forecasting from a different perspective of the non-profit making service industry

Effect of tracked and rubber-tyred logging machines on soil physical properties of the Berkelah Forest Reserve, Malaysia

Wheel and track traffic of heavy forest machinery is causing increased concern about forest soil compaction. Compared to agriculture, forest mechanization is potentially more damaging to site productivity because forestry machines tend to be heavier and operations are performed throughout the year regardless of weather conditions. Field experiments of vehicular compaction tests were initiated in dry and wet months (June and November, respectively) on a clay loam soil at the Berkelah Forest Reserve in central Pahang, Malaysia. Two unloaded tree harvesting (TH) machine types (crawler tractor and rubber-tyred loader), two soil moisture contents (14 and 21 % of oven dry weight) and vehicular trips (0,1, 2, 4, 8,16, 32 and 50 passes) were assessed on soil conditions from 0 to 15cmdepth. Rates of soil degradation are very different for the two machines. Changes in soil dry bulk density (DBD), total pore space (TPS), aeration porosity (AP), available water-holding capacity (AWC), saturated hydraulic conductivity (SHC) and resistance to penetration (RP) of the rubber-tyred tractor did not exceed those caused by a track-type crawler tractor despite a two-fold difference in mean ground contact pressure. The changes in soilDBD and TPS caused by both machines increased with increasing soil moisture content. However, AP, AWC, SHC and RP decreased with increasing soil moisture content. Most soil physical properties studied reached a maximum or minimum after the first two passes and remained constant thereafter with the tyred machine. SHC appears to be the most sensitive parameter for machine differences. Effects of heavy machinery operation on surface soil compaction should be recognized in forest mechanization

Airborne hyperspectral sensor for individual species counting and mapping of Karas (Aquilaria malaccensis) in Bukit Nanas F.R, Malaysia

Karas (Aquilaria malaccensis) is well known for producing gaharu, a fragrant material which is extremely valuable for cosmetic products manufacturing. Due to its un-permitted harvesting, there is an alarming depletion in the natural forests, which requires some forms of quick monitoring in near real time. A study on the spatial distribution of Karas trees in Bukit Nanas F.R., Federal Territory (FT) was therefore conducted to identify, quantify and map its geospatial distribution using an airborne hyperspectral sensor. Using a Sobel filter and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) processing techniques, a digital geospatial distribution map with an accuracy of 89.47% showing 38 individual Karas trees was developed. This study demonstrated that individual Karas trees can be easily counted and mapped with an airborne hyperspectral sensor which may lead to possible estimation of gaharu production for its future sustainable management and conservation efforts in FT, Malaysia

Estimating Acacia mangium Plantation's Standing Timber Volume Using an Airborne Hyperspectral Imaging System

Individual tree mapping in the forest is usually done by several techniques such as the sequential target and point origin mapping. Generally, the estimation of standing timber volume operation is considered a difficult task as ground survey is expensive. Most of this task is being done on the ground and takes a lot of time to be accomplished. However, the use of airborne remote sensing such as the UPM-APSB's Airborne Imaging Spectrometers for Applications (AISA) that plays its part in Global Positioning System (GPS) could change the way on how tree mapping and standing timber volume estimation are done. The general objective of this study is to map the individual wild A. mangium trees and estimate their standing timber volume using the airborne hyperspectral imaging technique. The specific objectives were to assess the capability of UPM-APSB's AISA airborne hyperspectral data in mapping A. mangium plantation and estimate its standing timber volume by delineating the individual trees crown areas. The hyperspectral image of A. mangium plantation in Lebuh Silikon, UPM in ENVI (.img) format taken on February 2004 was enhanced using the ENVI software. The age of the A. mangium stand was about 30 years old. Results indicated the presence of 29 canopies of A. mangium trees over a 0.8 ha plot. A single crown or canopy represented a single tree. A set of simple linear regression model for predicting volume from the crown area was developed using the 29 samples of tree crown. The value for r2 was 0.801 for this fit of the model, which showed 80.1% erratum data could be evaded. The equation developed in this study was V = 0.1045 + 0.0111(CA) where it provided a mean for predicting volume from the crown size measurement using the airborne sensor. The total standing timber volume mapped and quantified by the UPM-APSB's for the study site of 0.8 ha A. mangium plantation was about 20.73 m3 with a mapping accuracy of 80.45%. In practice, users of airborne hyperspectral data can now predict the timber volume by measuring tree crown size using ENVI software and apply the appropriate equation developed from linear regression as the indirect method of timber volume estimation. Further work in this area is to estimate the above ground biomass, carbon sequestration and biodiversity of planted A. mangium plantations in Malaysia

Impact of Ground-Based Logging Machine on Soil Physical Properties and Tree Growth

Five experiments were conducted to determine the impacts of ground-based logging machines on soil physical properties and on early gr01vth of Acacia mangium Willd. The experiments are : (i) a survey of the areal extent of logging machine disturbance, (ii) effects of logging machines on soil physical properties, (iii) effects of travelling intensity with a rubber-tired and track-type logging machine on some soil physical properties, (iv) recovery rate of compacted soils, and (v) measurement of growth responses of A. mangium on compacted and non-compacted soils and their loosening treatments. Areal disturbance on 10 logging blocks following logging with crawler t ractors averaged 30(18), 28(27), and 42(55) percent in 'undisturbed', 'moderate', and 'serious' class of disturbance on clay loam soils in the dry (wet) season, respectively. For sandy loam soils under dry (wet) season, the areal extent of logging disturbance were 16(27), 44(22), and 40(48) percent, respectively. Average values for to penetration, and soil temperature of prelogging soils, adjacent undisturbed soil, secondary forest roads, secondary landings, primary landings and skid trails were also determined

A Forest Science Effective Research Supervision in the Faculty Of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia

At least historically, undergraduate research supervision has predominantly been seen as part of the basic research function of academic staff. In many fields of study, success in research requires not only sophisticated experimental and analytical skills, but good mentoring and managerial skills as well. This paper presents an observational case study and perception based on the author’s true experiences exploring the most effective supervision of undergraduate students in the Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Due to the need of a highly calibre first class honours undergraduates for the future pool of postgraduates and top notch academia in the Faculty and in UPM, the aim of this paper is therefore to provide a good practice guideline for supervision of undergraduates final year project reports/theses to ensure consistency of approach for staff and students across the faculty and university. Key topics covered include building an effective undergraduate final year project/theses supervisory relationship, negotiating expectations, providing good communication and feedback and providing motivation and guidance to them. Personal interviews of undergraduates' perceptions of their supervision as they undertake their final year research projects were presented. Students reported that only a select few of their supervisors were supportive and sympathetic to their needs. Only a few of the Faculty supervisors adopted the role of resource person, directing undergraduates to references and contacts, discussing ideas and work undertaken. Only a few students had considerable freedom in the conduct of their final year project work. They were not able to choose their own research topic and supervisor but most determined the pace at which they worked. Some appeared to cope well with the autonomous role of a junior researcher while some commented on difficulties. Though the majority of students were given considerable freedom in their research the results of the observation indicated some differences amongst supervisors

Estimating Cabbage Production in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia Using IKONOS Data

The objective of the study is to map and count the individual cabbages at the early growth stage in Sg. Palas, Cameron Highland grown under a mix cropping system and estimate its production. With ground verification, an IKONOS 4 m multispectral imagery acquired on 25 February 2001 was digitally processed at an orthorectified level. A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) was developed and a scanned topographical map was overlaid with IKONOS data to precisely locate the attribute data and map the individual young growing cabbages. Using a supervised and unsupervised classification, less than and above 1.5 month-old cabbages were mapped and quantified. The algorithm and processing technique developed in this study can easily estimate a production of 25,000 cabbages/ha in Sg Palas area. Integrating the data with a Geographic Information System (GIS) may help Cameron Highland farmers to better market their cabbages in the future. The potential use of airborne hyperspectral imaging data such as UPM-TropAIR’s AISA TropAIRMAPTM to map and predict the supply of cabbages should be the next step in precision farming revolution using remote sensing. Keywords: Cabbage; Production; Market intelligence; High resolution; Satellite remote sensin

Geospatial Information Technology for Conservation of Coastal Forest and Mangroves Environment in Malaysia

Mangrove forests are one of the most productive and bio-diverse wetlands environments on earth. Yet, these unique coastal tropical forests environment are among the most threatened habitats in the world. Growing in the intertidal areas and estuary mouths between land and sea, mangroves provide critical habitat for a diverse marine and terrestrial flora and fauna. The important need of living being is opportunity to continue their life in sustainable environment and suitable conditions. Potential stand is the place that obtains the possibility of germination and establishment of a plant species according to their physical, chemical, biological demands. In many cases are seen that because of unsuitable selection of site and species, afforestation and reforestation projects after spending time, cost and labor are forced to failure. Therefore, it is an obligation by the relevant authorities, especially Forestry Department to ensure that the rate of seedlings survival in the afforestation and reforestation activities is successfully monitored, mapped and quantified. One of the most efficient techniques available is the use of Geospatial Information Technology consisting of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS) and remote sensing (RS). Using this technology and integrating the different thematically maps that shows environmental conditions of specific region, suitable and potential positioning of different species for plantation and rehabilitation programs could be well determined and monitored. For mapping and detection of individual mangrove species for reforestation and afforestation purposes, mathematical functions such as Boolean logic, fuzzy logic, and neural network can be easily applied. It is expected that suitable species-site matching for reforestation and afforestation of mangroves could be implemented with such geospatial tools

The role of presentation format on decision-makers' behaviour in accounting

The recent increase in researching presentation format area is resulting in an increase in awareness of the importance of presentation format on decision-makers' behaviour. This paper presents a synthesis of prior research on presentation format in the accounting literature which could be used as bases and references for future research. It reviews and evaluates existing accounting literature that examines the linkages of presentation format on decision-makers behaviour. Finally, future research opportunities in this area are made