Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics insights into diabetes etiopathogenesis

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered a global pandemic, and the incidence of DM continues to grow worldwide. Nutrients and dietary patterns are central issues in the prevention, development and treatment of this disease. The pathogenesis of DM is not completely understood, but nutrient-gene interactions at different levels, genetic predisposition and dietary factors appear to be involved. Nutritional genomics studies generally focus on dietary patterns according to genetic variations, the role of gene-nutrient interactions, gene-diet-phenotype interactions and epigenetic modifications caused by nutrients; these studies will facilitate an understanding of the early molecular events that occur in DM and will contribute to the identification of better biomarkers and diagnostics tools. In particular, this approach will help to develop tailored diets that maximize the use of nutrients and other functional ingredients present in food, which will aid in the prevention and delay of DM and its complications. This review discusses the current state of nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and epigenomics research on DM. Here, we provide an overview of the role of gene variants and nutrient interactions, the importance of nutrients and dietary patterns on gene expression, how epigenetic changes and micro RNAs (miRNAs) can alter cellular signaling in response to nutrients and the dietary interventions that may help to prevent the onset of DMThis work was supported, in part, by Junta de Andalucía (Spain) (Grant CTS-6505 and Groups PAI BIO311 and CTS 7127), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain) (Red TerCel RD06/0010/0025 and PI10/00964), Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs (Grant TRA-120) and by CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CB07/08/0006)Peer Reviewe

Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics insights into diabetes etiopathogenesis.

Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review;Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered a global pandemic, and the incidence of DM continues to grow worldwide. Nutrients and dietary patterns are central issues in the prevention, development and treatment of this disease. The pathogenesis of DM is not completely understood, but nutrient-gene interactions at different levels, genetic predisposition and dietary factors appear to be involved. Nutritional genomics studies generally focus on dietary patterns according to genetic variations, the role of gene-nutrient interactions, gene-diet-phenotype interactions and epigenetic modifications caused by nutrients; these studies will facilitate an understanding of the early molecular events that occur in DM and will contribute to the identification of better biomarkers and diagnostics tools. In particular, this approach will help to develop tailored diets that maximize the use of nutrients and other functional ingredients present in food, which will aid in the prevention and delay of DM and its complications. This review discusses the current state of nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and epigenomics research on DM. Here, we provide an overview of the role of gene variants and nutrient interactions, the importance of nutrients and dietary patterns on gene expression, how epigenetic changes and micro RNAs (miRNAs) can alter cellular signaling in response to nutrients and the dietary interventions that may help to prevent the onset of DM.This work was supported, in part, by Junta de Andalucía (Spain) (Grant CTS-6505 and Groups PAI BIO311 and CTS 7127), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain) (Red TerCel RD06/0010/0025 and PI10/00964), Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs (Grant TRA-120) and by CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CB07/08/0006).Ye

Consumption of extra-virgin olive oil rich in phenolic compounds has beneficial antioxidant effects in healthy human adults

Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) possesses beneficial health effects due to its antioxidant activity. In a controlled before-and-after supplementation trial (45 healthy adults), we examined the effects of daily consumption (30 days (d), 50 mL/d) of EVOO rich in phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX)). Participants completed for 30 d a 24-h dietary record. Anthropometric characteristics, body composition, glycemia, plasma lipid profile, plasma polyphenols, total antioxidant capacity, erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activity, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) gene expression were recorded. EVOO supplementation did not modify the first four parameters. Significant increases in plasma antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, GPX) were observed. Significant increase in SOD and decrease in CAT gene expression were detected. Daily consumption of EVOO rich in phenolic compounds by healthy adults improved their antioxidant status and modified their antioxidant gene expression levels without affecting metabolic parameters.The present study was supported by Grupos PAI (Grupo BIO311), Junta de Andalucía

An extra virgin olive oil rich diet intervention ameliorates the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by a high-fat “Western-type” diet in mice

[Scope]: We evaluated the protective effect of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) in high-fat diets (HFDs) on the inflammatory response and liver damage in a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mouse model. [Methods and results]: C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard diet or a lard-based HFD (HFD-L) for 12 wk to develop NAFLD. HFD-fed mice were then divided into four groups and fed for 24 wk with the following: HFD-L, HFD-EVOO, HFD based on phenolics-rich EVOO, and reversion (standard diet). HFD-L-induced metabolic disorders were alleviated by replacement of lard with EVOO. EVOO diets improved plasma lipid profile and reduced body weight, plasma and epididymal fat INF-γ, IL-6 and leptin levels, and macrophage infiltration. Moreover, NAFLD activity scores were reduced. The liver lipid composition showed an increase in MUFAs, especially oleic acid, and a decrease in saturated fatty acids. Hepatic adiponutrin and Cd36 gene expression was upregulated in the EVOO groups. Liver ingenuity pathway analysis revealed in EVOO groups regulation of proteins involved in lipid metabolism, small molecule biochemistry, gastrointestinal disease, and liver regeneration. [Conclusion]: Dietary EVOO could repair HFD-induced hepatic damage, possibly via an anti-inflammatory effect in adipose tissue and modifications in the liver lipid composition and signaling pathways.This study was supported by grants AGL2014-54585-R (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad) and PAI-BIO311 (Junta de Andalucía). LMV is funded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER).Peer Reviewe

Extra virgin olive oil diet intervention improves insulin resistance and islet performance in diet-induced diabetes in mice

13 Páginas.-- 7 Figuras.-- 1 TablaDietary composition plays an important role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Monounsaturated fatty acid consumption has been positively associated with improved insulin sensitivity and β-cell function. We examined whether an extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) high fat diet (HFD) can improve glucose homeostasis. C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard diet or a lard-based HFD to induce type 2 diabetes. Then, HFD mice were fed with three different based HFD (lard, EVOO and EVOO rich in phenolic compounds) for 24 weeks. HFD-EVOO diets significantly improved glycemia, insulinemia, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and insulin degradation. Moreover, EVOO diets reduced β-cell apoptosis, increased β-cell number and normalized islet glucose metabolism and glucose induced insulin secretion. No additional effects were observed by higher levels of phenolic compounds. Thus, EVOO intake regulated glucose homeostasis by improving insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell function, in a type 2 diabetes HFD animal model.We thank Dr. Raquel Araujo and Antonio Cardenas for their technical assistance. We thank Dr. Alex Rafacho for his help with the analysis of the glucose decay constant rate during the ITT test and for his comments on the figures of the manuscript. We thank Dr. Irene Cozar for her help with liver insulin degrading enzyme experiments.Peer reviewe

Impact of MELD Allocation System on Waiting List and Early Post-Liver Transplant Mortality.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS:MELD allocation system has changed the clinical consequences on waiting list (WL) for LT, but its impact on mortality has been seldom studied. We aimed to assess the ability of MELD and other prognostic scores to predict mortality after LT. METHODS:301 consecutive patients enlisted for LT were included, and prioritized within WL by using the MELD-score according to: hepatic insufficiency (HI), refractory ascites (RA) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The analysis was performed to predict early mortality after LT (8 weeks). RESULTS:Patients were enlisted as HI (44.9%), RA (19.3%) and HCC (35.9%). The major aetiologies of liver disease were HCV (45.5%). Ninety-four patients (31.3%) were excluded from WL, with no differences among the three groups (p = 0.23). The remaining 207 patients (68.7%) underwent LT, being HI the most frequent indication (42.5%). HI patients had the shortest length within WL (113.6 days vs 215.8 and 308.9 respectively; p<0.001), but the highest early post-LT mortality rates (18.2% vs 6.8% and 6.7% respectively; p<0.001). The independent predictors of early post-LT mortality in the HI group were higher bilirubin (OR = 1.08; p = 0.038), increased iMELD (OR = 1.06; p = 0.046) and non-alcoholic cirrhosis (OR = 4.13; p = 0.017). Among the prognostic scores the iMELD had the best predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.66), which was strengthened in non-alcoholic cirrhosis (AUC = 0.77). CONCLUSION:Patients enlisted due to HI had the highest early post-LT mortality rates despite of the shortest length within WL. The iMELD had the best accuracy to predict early post-LT mortality in patients with HI, and thus it may benefit the WL management

Baseline characteristics of transplanted patients: hepatic insufficiency compared with refractory ascites and HCC groups.

<p>Baseline characteristics of transplanted patients: hepatic insufficiency compared with refractory ascites and HCC groups.</p