20 research outputs found
Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus shiquicus in a small mammal community on the eastern Tibetan Plateau : host species composition, molecular prevalence, and epidemiological implications
Background
The eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau is now recognized as an endemic region with the highest reported human infection rates in the world of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. Existing epidemiological studies on AE have mainly focused on the synanthropic environment, while basic parasitological and ecological aspects in wildlife host species remain largely unknown, especially for small mammal hosts. Therefore, we examined small mammal host species composition, occurrence, and the prevalence of both E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus in Shiqu County (Sichuan Province, China), eastern Tibetan Plateau.
Results
In total, 346 small mammals from five rodent and one pika species were trapped from four randomly set 0.25 ha square plots. Two vole species, Lasiopodomys fuscus (n = 144) and Microtus limnophilus (n = 44), and the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) (n = 135), were the three most-dominant species trapped. Although protoscoleces of E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus were only observed in L. fuscus and O. curzoniae, respectively, cox1 and nad1 gene DNA of E. shiquicus was detected in all the small mammal species except for Neodon irene, whereas E. multilocularis was detected in the three most-dominant species. The overall molecular prevalence of Echinococcus species was 5.8 (95% CI: 3.3–8.2%) ~ 10.7% (95% CI: 7.4–14.0%) (the conservative prevalence to the maximum prevalence with 95% CI in parentheses), whereas for E. multilocularis it was 4.3 (95% CI: 2.2–6.5%) ~ 6.7% (95% CI: 4.0–9.3%), and 1.5 (95% CI: 0.2–2.7%) ~ 4.1% (95% CI: 2.0–6.1%) for E. shiquicus. The prevalence of both E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus, was significantly higher in rodents (mainly voles) than in pikas. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Echinococcus haplotypes of cox1 from small mammal hosts were actively involved in the sylvatic and anthropogenic transmission cycles of E. multilocularis in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.
Conclusions
In contrast to previous studies, the current results indicated that rodent species, rather than pikas, are probably more important natural intermediate hosts of E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Thus, understanding interspecific dynamics between rodents and pikas is essential to studies of the echinococcosis transmission mechanism and human echinococcosis prevention in local communities.
Keywords:
Echinococcus multilocularis, E. shiquicus, Small mammal Prevalence, Tibetan Platea
Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data
A method for rapid demolition of a crossline arch bridge: a case study
Abstract To reduce the adverse impact of demolition of the symmetrical rigid frame arch bridge overcrossing the highway with over-saturated traffic flow, a rapid demolition method based on the Self-Propelled Modular Transporter (SPMT) technique was developed in this study. The calculation formulae for reaction forces of the supporting brackets, as well as driving force and stability of SPMTs, were derived by analyzing the stability, synchronization, and influencing parameters of the cut bridge body—transport system. In addition, a monitoring system during the whole process was developed to ensure the demolition safety. An application of demolishing a crossline symmetrical rigid frame arch bridge in China within 5 h has been presented. The results showed that the proposed method can be successfully applied in real projects, leading to significant reduction in traffic impact, energy consumption, and environmental pollution
The Jaramillo subchron in Chinese loess-paleosol sequences
The Chinese loess is one of the most important terrestrial records of the Quaternary climate changes. However, the positional discrepancy of geomagnetic polarity boundaries, such as Matuyama-Brunhes boundary (MBB), between Chinese loess and marine sediments remains controversial, hampering to establish an accurate chronological framework for the Chinese loess and its correlation with marine oxygen isotope records. The Jaramillo subchron within the Matuyama Chron is an important paleomagnetic age constraint for Quaternary magnetostratigraphic dating. Here, we present a high-resolution magnetostratigraphic, rock magnetism, and relative paleointensity (RPI) study of the stratigraphic interval between paleosols S9 and S18 in two parallel loess sections from the southeastern Chinese Loess Plateau, with an aim to explore the positions of the upper and lower boundaries of the Jaramillo in the Chinese loess. The results show that significant uncertainty and variability (more than one loess-paleosol cycle) for the positions of the measured upper and lower Jaramillo boundaries among different loess sections cannot be explained by the discrepancy of loess stratigraphy, sedimentation rate or regional climate. The measured upper and lower Jaramillo boundaries in the loess can be above or below their true positions, which cannot be explained by the lock-in effect. As the measured boundaries in the loess are mostly within the intervals of low-intensity geomagnetic field, we propose that the loess deposits may have acquired unstable primary remanent magnetization during the intervals of geomagnetic reversals or excursions with low-intensity geomagnetic field, and these deposits could be easily overprinted (remagnetizated) by the ensuing high-intensity field. This hypothesis is able to explain the phenomena that the measured MBB in the Eurasian loess is downward shifted by tens centimeters to several meters relative to the true boundary, and it can also explain the anomalistic polarity zones recorded in some loess sections
The screening of drug-induced nephrotoxicity using gold nanocluster-based ratiometric fluorescent probes
Herbal medicines are potential candidates for the treatment of various diseases, but their medication safety remains poorly regulated. Current screening methods for the herbal medicine-induced nephrotoxic effects include histological and serological assessments, which often fail to reflect the kidney dysfunction instantly. Here we report a ratiometric fluorescence approach for the rapid and facile screening of drug-induced acute kidney injury using chromophore-modified gold nanoclusters. These gold nanoclusters are highly sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS), with a detection limit of 14 nM for OH. After passing through the glomerular filtration barrier, the gold nanocluster-based probes can quantify the fluctuation of the ROS level in the kidneys and evaluate the risk of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. We further employed nephrotoxic triptolide as the model drug and the screening of drug-induced early renal injury was demonstrated using the nanoprobes, which is unattainable by conventional diagnostic approaches. Our fluorescent probes also allow the identification of other nephrotoxic components from herbal medicine such as aristolochine, providing a high-throughput strategy for the screening of herbal supplement-induced nephrotoxicity.11Nsciescopu
Anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin-loaded tetrahedral framework nucleic acids on acute gouty arthritis
Gouty arthritis is a very familiar inflammatory arthritis. Controlling inflammation is the key to preventing gouty arthritis. However, colchicine, the most highly represented drug used in clinical practice, has strict contraindications owing to some severe side effects. Curcumin (Cur), a natural anti-inflammatory drug, has demonstrated good safety and efficacy. However, the rapid degradation, poor aqueous solubility, and low bioavailability of Cur limit its therapeutic effect. To strengthen the effectiveness and bioavailability of Cur. Cur loaded tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (Cur-TFNAs) were synthesized to deliver Cur. Compared with free Cur, Cur-TFNAs exhibit a preferable drug stability, good biocompatibility (CCK-8 assay), ease of uptake (immunofluorescence), and higher tissue utilization (in vivo biodistribution). Most importantly, Cur-TFNAs present better anti-inflammatory effect than free Cur both in vivo and in vitro experiments through the determination of inflammation-related cytokines expression. Therefore, we believe that Cur-TFNAs have great prospects for the prevention of gout and similar inflammatory diseases
Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning as a novel fingerprint for cardiovascular events: results from the prospective cohorts in UK and China
Abstract Background Retinal structural abnormalities have been found to serve as biomarkers for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the association between retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and the incidence of CVD events remains inconclusive, and relevant longitudinal studies are lacking. Therefore, we aimed to examine this link in two prospective cohort studies. Methods A total of 25,563 participants from UK Biobank who were initially free of CVD were included in the current study. Another 635 participants without retinopathy at baseline from the Chinese Guangzhou Diabetes Eye Study (GDES) were adopted as the validation set. Measurements of RNFL thickness in the macular (UK Biobank) and peripapillary (GDES) regions were obtained from optical coherence tomography (OCT). Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs), odd ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to quantify CVD risk. Results Over a median follow-up period of 7.67 years, 1281 (5.01%) participants in UK Biobank developed CVD events. Each 5-μm decrease in macular RNFL thickness was associated with an 8% increase in incident CVD risk (HR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01–1.17, p = 0.033). Compared with participants in the highest tertile of RNFL thickness, the risk of incident CVD was significantly increased in participants in the lowest thickness tertile (HR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.01–1.38, p = 0.036). In GDES, 29 (4.57%) patients developed CVD events within 3 years. Lower average peripapillary RNFL thickness was also associated with a higher CVD risk (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.11–1.65, p = 0.003). The additive net reclassification improvement (NRI) was 21.8%, and the absolute NRI was 2.0% by addition of RNFL thickness over the Framingham risk score. Of 29 patients with incident CVD, 7 were correctly reclassified to a higher risk category while 1 was reclassified to a lower category, and 21 high risk patients were not reclassified. Conclusions RNFL thinning was independently associated with increased incident cardiovascular risk and improved reclassification capability, indicating RNFL thickness derived from the non-invasive OCT as a potential retinal fingerprint for CVD event across ethnicities and health conditions. Trial registration ISRCTN 1585319
Optimizing LPSO phase to achieve superior heat resistance of Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr alloys by regulating the Gd/Y ratios
The microstructural features of long period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase in Mg–(11-x)Gd–xY–1Zn–0.3Zr (wt.%) alloys were optimized by adjusting Gd/Y ratios to10:1, 8:3, 6:5, 4:7 and 2:9, respectively. Superior high-temperature strength was successfully obtained in the extruded 6Gd–5Y alloy with ultimate tensile strength (UTS) values of 338 MPa and 286 MPa at 250 °C and 300 °C, respectively. In the as-cast alloys, with the decrease of Gd/Y ratio, the type of intermetallic compound gradually changed from (Mg, Zn)3(Gd, Y) (W) to LPSO phase. After homogenization, the W phase was completely converted to LPSO phase except for the 10Gd–1Y alloy. Importantly, the block-shaped LPSO phases with the smallest size and the abundant lamellar LPSO phases were formed in the 6Gd–5Y alloy, which significantly influenced the microstructures of the extruded alloy. Firstly, the small sized block-shaped LPSO phase before extrusion provided favorable conditions for the formation of thin plate-shaped LPSO phase at DRXed regions, which effectively hindered the grain boundary migration at high temperature due to superior thermal stability. Secondly, the profuse lamellar LPSO phases prior to extrusion contributed to the highest density of low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) and residual dislocations in the extruded 6Gd–5Y alloy, which obstructed dislocation slip at elevated temperatures. In addition, the abundant lamellar LPSO phase also caused the fine DRXed grain size and strong basal texture to enhance the high-temperature strength of the extruded 6Gd–5Y alloy