Corporate Governance in China: A Study of the Interdependent Model

The article aims to develop a theoretical framework of interdependent model based on stated-owned enterprises and private enterprises. There are three steps of interdependence, that is subordination (before 1978), relaxation (from 1978 to 1992), and multiform interdependent (since 1993). During the progress of corporate governance, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) transfer from “danwei” (work unit society) to “enterprise”, however, private enterprises changes from “grass-root organization for making a living” to “enterprise”. In general, different enterprises gain different support from different government levels and different government levels rely on different types of enterprises to achieve their goals. SOEs internal management is concentrated within a single person who may have several titles. In private enterprise, power is often concentrated within a single owner. Private enterprise development necessarily depends upon this owner’s social network.Key words: Interdependent model; State-Owned enterprises; Private enterprise

Experimental observation of wave localization at the Dirac frequency in a two-dimensional photonic crystal microcavity

Trapping light within cavities or waveguides in photonic crystals is an effective technology in modern integrated optics. Traditionally, cavities rely on total internal reflection or a photonic bandgap to achieve field confinement. Recent investigations have examined new localized modes that occur at a Dirac frequency that is beyond any complete photonic bandgap. We design Al2O3 dielectric cylinders placed on a triangular lattice in air, and change the central rod size to form a photonic crystal microcavity. It is predicted that waves can be localized at the Dirac frequency in this device without photonic bandgaps or total internal reflections. We perform a theoretical analysis of this new wave localization and verify it experimentally. This work paves the way for exploring localized defect modes at the Dirac point in the visible and infrared bands, with potential applicability to new optical devices

Spatial algebraic solitons at the Dirac point in optically induced nonlinear photonic lattices

The discovery of a new type of soliton occurring in periodic systems is reported. This type of nonlinear excitation exists at a Dirac point of a photonic band structure, and features an oscillating tail that damps algebraically. Solitons in periodic systems are localized states traditionally supported by photonic bandgaps. Here, it is found that besides photonic bandgaps, a Dirac point in the band structure of triangular optical lattices can also sustain solitons. Apart from their theoretical impact within the soliton theory, they have many potential uses because such solitons are possible in both Kerr material and photorefractive crystals that possess self-focusing and self-defocusing nonlinearities. The findings enrich the soliton family and provide information for studies of nonlinear waves in many branches of physics

Near-field coupling and resonant cavity modes in plasmonic nanorod metamaterials

Plasmonic resonant cavities are capable of confining light at the nanoscale, resulting in both enhanced local electromagnetic fields and lower mode volumes. However, conventional plasmonic resonant cavities possess large Ohmic losses at metal-dielectric interfaces. Plasmonic near-field coupling plays a key role in a design of photonic components based on the resonant cavities because of the possibility to reduce losses. Here, we study the plasmonic near-field coupling in the silver nanorod metamaterials treated as resonant nanostructured optical cavities. Reflectance measurements reveal the existence of multiple resonance modes of the nanorod metamaterials, which is consistent with our theoretical analysis. Furthermore, our numerical simulations show that the electric field at the longitudinal resonances forms standing waves in the nanocavities due to the near-field coupling between the adjacent nanorods, and a new hybrid mode emerges due to a coupling between nanorods and a gold-film substrate. We demonstrate that this coupling can be controlled by changing the gap between the silver nanorod array and gold substrate

Research on Evolution of Relevant Defects in Heavily Mg-Doped GaN by H Ion Implantation Followed by Thermal Annealing

This study focuses on the heavily Mg-doped GaN in which the passivation effect of hydrogen and the compensation effect of nitrogen vacancies (VN) impede its further development. To investigate those two factors, H ion implantation followed by thermal annealing was performed on the material. The evolution of relevant defects (H and VN) was revealed, and their distinct behaviors during thermal annealing were compared between different atmospheres (N2/NH3). The concentration of H and its associated yellow luminescence (YL) band intensity decrease as the thermal annealing temperature rises, regardless of the atmosphere being N2 or NH3. However, during thermal annealing in NH3, the decrease in H concentration is notably faster compared to N2. Furthermore, a distinct trend is observed in the behavior of the blue luminescence (BL) band under N2 and NH3. Through a comprehensive analysis of surface properties, we deduce that the decomposition of NH3 during thermal annealing not only promotes the out-diffusion of H ions from the material, but also facilitates the repair of VN on the surface of heavily Mg-doped GaN. This research could provide crucial insights into the post-growth process of heavily Mg-doped GaN

Transcriptome analysis of Actinidia chinensis in response to Botryosphaeria dothidea infection.

Ripe rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea causes extensive production losses in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.). Our previous study showed that kiwifruit variety "Jinyan" is resistant to B. dothidea while "Hongyang" is susceptible. For a comparative analysis of the response of these varieties to B. dothidea infection, we performed a transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing. A total of 305.24 Gb of clean bases were generated from 36 libraries of which 175.76 Gb was from the resistant variety and 129.48 Gb from the susceptible variety. From the libraries generated, we identified 44,656 genes including 39,041 reference genes, 5,615 novel transcripts, and 13,898 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Among these, 2,373 potentially defense-related genes linked to calcium signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), cell wall modification, phytoalexin synthesis, transcription factors, pattern-recognition receptors, and pathogenesis-related proteins may regulate kiwifruit resistance to B. dothidea. DEGs involved in calcium signaling, MAPK, and cell wall modification in the resistant variety were induced at an earlier stage and at higher levels compared with the susceptible variety. Thirty DEGs involved in plant defense response were strongly induced in the resistant variety at all three time points. This study allowed the first comprehensive understanding of kiwifruit transcriptome in response to B. dothidea and may help identify key genes required for ripe rot resistance in kiwifruit

A review and future directions of techniques for extracting powerlines and pylons from LiDAR point clouds

The rapid progression of the intelligent grid requires continuous vigilance in monitoring and maintaining extensive powerline corridors to ensure their safety. In this context, LiDAR technology, renowned for its exceptional precision and reduced vulnerability to external interference, emerges as a valuable alternative for monitoring powerline corridors. This contrasts with conventional methods such as manual field inspections and imprecise sensors. However, the vast amount of data generated by LiDAR presents significant challenges, including scene noise, diverse scenarios, and unwanted objects proximate to powerlines or pylons. These factors complicate the accurate extraction and analysis of relevant data from point clouds produced by LiDAR. This review examines recent methodologies aimed at overcoming these challenges. It begins with a brief exploration of data collection systems for powerline corridors, including TLS, MLS, UAVLS, ALS, and CIR, highlighting their respective merits and drawbacks. The subsequent sections of the review provide a comprehensive overview of three methodological categories: tracking and detection-based approaches, machine learning-based techniques, and deep learning-based methods. Within each category, representative techniques are delineated, elucidating their potential, limitations, and applicable domains. This review incorporates qualitative analysis to enhance researchers' comprehension of current studies and to providea nuanced understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of these techniques. In a departure from previous research, this review extends its focus beyond powerline extraction to include the extraction of pylons and single wires. It identifies a notable oversight in the lack of emphasis on individual wire extraction, attributing this to challenges posed by wire proximity, and highlights limited attention to pylon extraction near vegetation. While machine learning and deep learning methods offer heightened automation, persistent issues such as the requirement for extensive labeled samples and inadequate model generalization, underscore the need for continued efforts to address these challenges. This discussion emphasizes the necessity of overcoming these hurdles to boost ongoing advancements in powerline and pylon extraction techniques

Specific and sensitive detection of the guava fruit anthracnose pathogen (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay

Anthracnose of guava, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is a major factor limiting worldwide guava production. Timely and accurate detection of the pathogen is important in developing a disease management strategy. Herein, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the specific and sensitive detection of C. gloeosporioides was developed using primers targeting the β-tubulin 2 (TUB2) gene. The optimal reaction conditions were 64 °C for 60 min. The specificity of the method was tested against C. gloeosporioides isolates, Colletotrichum spp. isolates, and isolates of other genera. Positive results were obtained only in the presence of C. gloeosporioides, whereas no cross-reaction was observed for other species. The detection limit of the LAMP assay was 10 fg of genomic DNA in a 25 μL reaction. The LAMP assay successfully detected C. gloeosporioides in guava fruit collected in the field. The results indicate that the developed LAMP assay is a simple, cost-effective, rapid, highly sensitive, and specific tool for the diagnosis of guava anthracnose caused by C. gloeosporioides and could be useful for disease management.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author