不登校支援における父親の役割 : 行動論的アプローチを行うに当たって

School refusal behaviour is a common problem amongst Japanese secondary schools. Without appropriate treatment this behaviour often leads to serious consequences, such as social withdrawal. Although a variety of psychological approaches to treat school refusal behaviour have been utilised over a long period, the problem has continued to worsen. In Japan, the number of children classified with school refusal behaviour has surpassed 100,000. Clearly there is an urgent need to find more effective approaches. This article reports on the successful treatment of a 14-year-old student using behavioural therapy. Prior to commencing this treatment, school officials and the school counsellor asked the student\u27s father for aggressive support. The father accepted this requirement and consequently the student began coming to the counselling room of the school. Subsequently, schoolbased behavioural therapy was used. Eventually the student was able to re-attend classes on a daily basis. Although it is crucial for school officials, parents and school counsellors to work together in the treatment of school refusal behaviour, aggressive support from fathers has been so far overlooked. This case study suggests that a conventional behavioural approach with aggressive support from the father could be an effective approach for school refusal behaviour

スクールカウンセラーによる行動論的再登校支援 : 集中的エクスポージャーによる教室復帰

Although previous studies have shown effectiveness of intensive exposure therapy for school refusal behaviour, few case studies on this subject have been reported in recent years. This article discusses the successful treatment of a 14-year-old student with school refusal behaviour using intensive exposure therapy. There were two phases in the treatment. In the first phase, the school counsellor, parents and homeroom teacher attended a case conference, where the school counsellor provided psychoeducation on the mechanism of avoidance behaviour. The second phase was the intensive exposure therapy by the parents, homeroom teacher and classmates. Through a series of treatments, the student was able to return to classes on a daily basis. This case study suggests that intensive exposure might be applied as an effective school-based approach for treating school refusal behaviour

Measurement of low-energy antiproton detection efficiency in BESS below 1 GeV

An accelerator experiment was performed using a low-energy antiproton beam to measure antiproton detection efficiency of BESS, a balloon-borne spectrometer with a superconducting solenoid. Measured efficiencies showed good agreement with calculated ones derived from the BESS Monte Carlo simulation based on GEANT/GHEISHA. With detailed verification of the BESS simulation, the relative systematic error of detection efficiency derived from the BESS simulation has been determined to be $\pm$5%, compared with the previous estimation of $\pm$15% which was the dominant uncertainty for measurements of cosmic-ray antiproton flux.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figure

Precise Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Proton and Helium Spectra with the BESS Spectrometer

We report cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra in energy ranges of 1 to 120 GeV and 1 to 54 GeV/nucleon, respectively, measured by a balloon flight of the BESS spectrometer in 1998. The magnetic-rigidity of the cosmic-rays was reliably determined by highly precise measurement of the circular track in a uniform solenoidal magnetic field of 1 Tesla. Those spectra were determined within overall uncertainties of +-5 % for protons and +- 10 % for helium nuclei including statistical and systematic errors.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure

Measurements of atmospheric muon spectra at mountain altitude

We report new measurements of the atmospheric muons at mountain altitude. The measurement was carried out with the BESS detector at the top of Mt. Norikura, Japan. The altitude is 2,770 m above sea level. Comparing our results and predictions given by some interaction models, a further appropriate model has been investigated. These studies would improve accuracy of atmospheric neutrino calculations.Comment: Mean momentum in Table 1 was correcte

Measurements of Cosmic-ray Low-energy Antiproton and Proton Spectra in a Transient Period of the Solar Field Reversal

The energy spectra of cosmic-ray low-energy antiprotons and protons have been measured by BESS in 1999 and 2000, during a period covering the solar magnetic field reversal. Based on these measurements, a sudden increase of the antiproton to proton flux ratio following the solar magnetic field reversal was observed, and it generally agrees with a drift model of the solar modulation.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, revised version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Let

Decline in subarachnoid haemorrhage volumes associated with the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, decreased volumes of stroke admissions and mechanical thrombectomy were reported. The study\u27s objective was to examine whether subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) hospitalisations and ruptured aneurysm coiling interventions demonstrated similar declines. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional, retrospective, observational study across 6 continents, 37 countries and 140 comprehensive stroke centres. Patients with the diagnosis of SAH, aneurysmal SAH, ruptured aneurysm coiling interventions and COVID-19 were identified by prospective aneurysm databases or by International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, codes. The 3-month cumulative volume, monthly volumes for SAH hospitalisations and ruptured aneurysm coiling procedures were compared for the period before (1 year and immediately before) and during the pandemic, defined as 1 March-31 May 2020. The prior 1-year control period (1 March-31 May 2019) was obtained to account for seasonal variation. FINDINGS: There was a significant decline in SAH hospitalisations, with 2044 admissions in the 3 months immediately before and 1585 admissions during the pandemic, representing a relative decline of 22.5% (95% CI -24.3% to -20.7%, p\u3c0.0001). Embolisation of ruptured aneurysms declined with 1170-1035 procedures, respectively, representing an 11.5% (95%CI -13.5% to -9.8%, p=0.002) relative drop. Subgroup analysis was noted for aneurysmal SAH hospitalisation decline from 834 to 626 hospitalisations, a 24.9% relative decline (95% CI -28.0% to -22.1%, p\u3c0.0001). A relative increase in ruptured aneurysm coiling was noted in low coiling volume hospitals of 41.1% (95% CI 32.3% to 50.6%, p=0.008) despite a decrease in SAH admissions in this tertile. INTERPRETATION: There was a relative decrease in the volume of SAH hospitalisations, aneurysmal SAH hospitalisations and ruptured aneurysm embolisations during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings in SAH are consistent with a decrease in other emergencies, such as stroke and myocardial infarction

高齢者の自己効力感に関する研究 (III) : 排泄自立との関わり

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy and continence among the elderly. Seventy-seven people (12 males and 65 females) from the nursing homes and residents of Miyazaki city were interviewed with regard to the self-efficacy scale upon and associate questionnaires. Continence assessment was measured by the Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADLS). The ADLS used the following criteria to classify the elderly : 1) Performs independently 2) Performs independently by use of a device 3) Performs with human assistance 4) Unable to perform. The results showed that the subjects living at home displayed higher self-efficacy than those staying in the nursing home. However the self-efficacy of elders was not significantly related to their continence. It was concluded that the elderly people could obtain high self-efficacy regardless of continence