Interannual sea level variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean from 1993 to 2006

Three net surface heat flux products, namely from 1) version 2 of Common Ocean Reference Experiment (CORE.2), 2) Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Fluxes (OAFlux), and 3) the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts operational ocean analysis/reanalysis system (ECMWF ORA-S3), and three wind stress products, namely from I) CORE.2, 2) Simple Ocean Data Assimilation Reanalysis, version 2.1.6 (SODA 2.1.6), and 3) ECMWF ORA-S3 are used to investigate the abilities of four simple oceanic mechanisms in explaining the interannual variance of altimetry-derived sea surface height (SSH) anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean over the period 1993-2006. It is found that local response to surface heating plays an important role in sea level rise along the western equatorial Pacific (150 degrees-180 degrees E). The dominant processes affecting interannual variability of observed SSH anomalies vary regionally in the tropical Pacific; local response to surface heating, local Ekman pumping, wind-induced first baroclinic mode Rossby waves and the eastern boundary forcing are all important. Both the local response to surface heating and the eastern boundary forcing are important in explaining the interannual variance of observed SSH anomalies in the northeastern tropical Pacific; while the dominant contribution to interannual sea level variability in the southeastern tropical Pacific is from the eastern boundary forcing, the local Ekman pumping plays a relatively minor role in the interannual SSH change there. The wind-induced first baroclinic mode Rossby waves dominate interannual SSH variability in the western tropical Pacific, excluding the area of 2 degrees-10 degrees N, west of 170 degrees E. Although a large part of the interannual sea level variability in the western tropical Pacific is related to the oceanic remote adjustment to wind stress forcing, the contributions of local responses to surface heating and wind forcing cannot be overlooked. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Three net surface heat flux products, namely from 1) version 2 of Common Ocean Reference Experiment (CORE.2), 2) Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Fluxes (OAFlux), and 3) the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts operational ocean analysis/reanalysis system (ECMWF ORA-S3), and three wind stress products, namely from I) CORE.2, 2) Simple Ocean Data Assimilation Reanalysis, version 2.1.6 (SODA 2.1.6), and 3) ECMWF ORA-S3 are used to investigate the abilities of four simple oceanic mechanisms in explaining the interannual variance of altimetry-derived sea surface height (SSH) anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean over the period 1993-2006. It is found that local response to surface heating plays an important role in sea level rise along the western equatorial Pacific (150 degrees-180 degrees E). The dominant processes affecting interannual variability of observed SSH anomalies vary regionally in the tropical Pacific; local response to surface heating, local Ekman pumping, wind-induced first baroclinic mode Rossby waves and the eastern boundary forcing are all important. Both the local response to surface heating and the eastern boundary forcing are important in explaining the interannual variance of observed SSH anomalies in the northeastern tropical Pacific; while the dominant contribution to interannual sea level variability in the southeastern tropical Pacific is from the eastern boundary forcing, the local Ekman pumping plays a relatively minor role in the interannual SSH change there. The wind-induced first baroclinic mode Rossby waves dominate interannual SSH variability in the western tropical Pacific, excluding the area of 2 degrees-10 degrees N, west of 170 degrees E. Although a large part of the interannual sea level variability in the western tropical Pacific is related to the oceanic remote adjustment to wind stress forcing, the contributions of local responses to surface heating and wind forcing cannot be overlooked. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Research on optimization of approach procedures for airports in an alpine environment

Obstacles in alpine environments pose significant challenges to aircraft safety during terminal operations. Key challenges include constraints from obstacles within the terminal clearance area and the labor-intensive manual calculations of flight procedures. The focal point of concern lies in the design of approach procedures, particularly due to the heightened risk of collisions with obstacles during the descent segment in such terrain. To address these challenges, initially, this paper proposes processing the terrain data and visualizing and extracting the topographic data of the alpine airport by adopting a bi-cubic b-spline interpolation and cellular automatic machine model. Then, the paper proposes improving the A* path algorithm to make sure it can obey the standards of flight procedure design, utilizing the improved A* path algorithm to design approach procedures. As fuel consumption is directly connected with the economy of aviation companies, this research finally suggests employing the fuel consumption evaluation model to select the most efficient approach flight procedures. This research takes a case study of a Yunnan airport and simulates and designs the optimized approach procedures by A* path algorithm and evaluation based on fuel consumption. Results indicate that the parameters of optimized approach procedures align with the regulation of flight procedure design and meet the requirements of real flight operation. Therefore, the core tenant of this research can provide a feasible idea for flight procedures with alpine airports and has the potential to reduce workload and enhance operational efficiency

Induction of resistance to spot blotch in Hordeum vulgare L. by exogenous methyl jasmonate

Abstract [Objective] The study aims to investigate the differential efficacy of anti-leaf spot in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) of various concentrations of exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and understand the underlying mechanisms, thereby providing a foundation for the application of MeJA in controlling barley leaf spot. [Methods] We used ‘Mengpimai 3’ (MP3) seedlings as materials and conducted three different treatments: Inoculating the barley leaves with sterile water without any Bipolaris sorokiniana (the causal agent of the disease), inoculating the barley leaves with sterile water after treatment, and treating the barley leaves with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mmol/L) of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) before inoculation with the pathogen. The disease incidence was investigated at the three-leaf stage based on disease index to determine the optimal MeJA concentration. We measured antioxidant enzyme activities, anti-disease-related enzyme activities, malondialdehyde, proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein contents, and the expression levels of related genes under no inoculating treatment, inoculation treatment, and inoculating + optimal MeJA concentration treatment. [Results] (1) Exogenous application of MeJA enhanced MP3 resistance against spot blotch, particularly at 1.5 mmol/L where there was a significant reduction of 19.03% (P <0.05) in disease index compared with control plants, indicating the most effective induction of resistance. (2) In comparison with inoculating treatment, barley leaves treated with 1.5 mmol/L MeJA exhibited significantly increased activities of superoxide, peroxidase, catalase, chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanas. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in malondialdehyde content as well as proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein levels. Furthermore, the expression of MeJA-regulated transcription factors and genes encoding disease resistance-related enzymes were significantly upregulated. [Conclusion] Exogenous application of 1.5 mmol/L MeJA enhanced resistance against spot blotch in barley by regulating the activity of disease-related enzymes and the content of osmotic regulatory substances, as well as modulating the expression of genes encoding the disease-resistant enzymes and key transcription factors involved in jasmonic acid signaling pathway

Anisotropic optical and magnetic response in self-assembled TiN-CoFe\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e nanocomposites

Transition metal nitrides (e.g., TiN) have shown tremendous promise in optical metamaterials for nanophotonic devices due to their plasmonic properties comparable to noble metals and superior high temperature stability. Vertically aligned nanocomposites (VANs) offer a great platform for combining two dissimilar functional materials with a one-step deposition technique toward multifunctionality integration and strong structural/property anisotropy. Here we report a two-phase nanocomposite design combining ferromagnetic CoFe2 nanosheets in the plasmonic TiN matrix as a new hybrid plasmonic metamaterial. The hybrid metamaterials exhibit obvious anisotropic optical and magnetic responses, as well as a pronounced magneto-optical coupling response evidenced by MOKE measurement, owing to the novel vertically aligned structure. This work demonstrates a new TiN-based metamaterial with anisotropic properties and multi-functionality towards optical switchable spintronics, magnetic sensors and integrated optic