Analisis Sosiologi Sastra Terhadap Novel 5 Cm Karya Donny Dhirgantoro

The purpose of writing is to describe a novel approach to mimesis in the works Donny Dhirgantoro 5 cm, and the relationship of the author and his work. The method used is qualitative method, namely the aspects studied sociology in the novel aspects of the work of Donny Dhirgantoro 5 cm through mimetic approach. Used in this study are characterizations, social status, attitudes, behaviors of daily figures and events. The main character in this novel is Genta, additional character Arial, Zafran, Riani, and Ian. Social status in this novel is caused by economic factors, cultural and psychological. Dalan life attitude novel 5 cm in the form of affection between human beings, affection towards parents and children, attitudes also be liable to each other

Star Captures by Quasar Accretion Disks: A Possible Explanation of the M-sigma Relation

A new theory of quasars is presented in which the matter of thin accretion disks around black holes is supplied by stars that plunge through the disk. Stars in the central part of the host galaxy are randomly perturbed to highly radial orbits, and as they repeatedly cross the disk they lose orbital energy by drag, eventually merging into the disk. Requiring the rate of stellar mass capture to equal the mass accretion rate into the black hole, a relation between the black hole mass and the stellar velocity dispersion is predicted of the form M_{BH} \propto sigma_*^{30/7}. The normalization depends on various uncertain parameters such as the disk viscosity, but is consistent with observation for reasonable assumptions. We show that a seed central black hole in a newly formed stellar system can grow at the Eddington rate up to this predicted mass via stellar captures by the accretion disk. Once this mass is reached, star captures are insufficient to maintain an Eddington accretion rate, and the quasar may naturally turn off as the accretion switches to a low-efficiency advection mode. The model provides a mechanism to deliver mass to the accretion disk at small radius, probably solving the problem of gravitational instability to star formation in the disk at large radius. We note that the matter from stars that is incorporated to the disk has an average specific angular momentum that is very small or opposite to that of the disk, and discuss how a rotating disk may be maintained as it captures this matter if a small fraction of the accreted mass comes from stellar winds that form a disk extending to larger radius. We propose several observational tests and consequences of this theory.Comment: submitted to Ap

The regulatory and transcriptional landscape associated with carbon utilization in a filamentous fungus.

Filamentous fungi, such as Neurospora crassa, are very efficient in deconstructing plant biomass by the secretion of an arsenal of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, by remodeling metabolism to accommodate production of secreted enzymes, and by enabling transport and intracellular utilization of plant biomass components. Although a number of enzymes and transcriptional regulators involved in plant biomass utilization have been identified, how filamentous fungi sense and integrate nutritional information encoded in the plant cell wall into a regulatory hierarchy for optimal utilization of complex carbon sources is not understood. Here, we performed transcriptional profiling of N. crassa on 40 different carbon sources, including plant biomass, to provide data on how fungi sense simple to complex carbohydrates. From these data, we identified regulatory factors in N. crassa and characterized one (PDR-2) associated with pectin utilization and one with pectin/hemicellulose utilization (ARA-1). Using in vitro DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq), we identified direct targets of transcription factors involved in regulating genes encoding plant cell wall-degrading enzymes. In particular, our data clarified the role of the transcription factor VIB-1 in the regulation of genes encoding plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and nutrient scavenging and revealed a major role of the carbon catabolite repressor CRE-1 in regulating the expression of major facilitator transporter genes. These data contribute to a more complete understanding of cross talk between transcription factors and their target genes, which are involved in regulating nutrient sensing and plant biomass utilization on a global level

Lyman Break Galaxies and the Lyman-alpha Forest

We use hydrodynamic simulations to predict correlations between Lya forest absorption and galaxies at redshift z~3. The probability distribution function (PDF) of Lya flux decrements shifts systematically towards higher values in the vicinity of galaxies, reflecting the overdense environments in which these galaxies reside. The predicted signal remains strong in spectra smoothed over 50-200 km/s, allowing tests with moderate resolution quasar spectra. The strong bias of high redshift galaxies towards high density regions imprints a clear signature on the flux PDF, but the predictions are not sensitive to galaxy baryon mass or star formation rate, and they are similar for galaxies and for dark matter halos. The dependence of the flux PDF on galaxy proximity is sensitive to redshift determination errors, with rms errors of 150-300 km/s substantially weakening the predicted trends. On larger scales, the mean galaxy overdensity in a cube of 5 or 10 Mpc/h (comoving) is strongly correlated with the mean Lya flux decrement on a line of sight through the cube center. The slope of the correlation is ~3 times steeper for galaxies than for dark matter as a result of galaxy bias. The predicted large scale correlation is in qualitative agreement with recently reported observational results. However, observations also show a drop in absorption in the immediate vicinity of galaxies, which our models do not predict even if we allow the galaxies or AGNs within them to be ionizing sources. This decreased absorption could be a signature of galaxy feedback on the surrounding IGM, perhaps via galactic winds. Peculiar velocities often allow gas at comoving distances ~1.5 Mpc/h to produce saturated absorption at the galaxy redshift, so any feedback mechanism must suppress neutral hydrogen out to these radii to match the data. (Abridged)Comment: 54 pages, 19 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ. Includes discussion of simple wind model

Survey for Transiting Extrasolar Planets in Stellar Systems. II. Spectrophotometry and Metallicities of Open Clusters

We present metallicity estimates for seven open clusters based on spectrophotometric indices from moderate-resolution spectroscopy. Observations of field giants of known metallicity provide a correlation between the spectroscopic indices and the metallicity of open cluster giants. We use \chi^2 analysis to fit the relation of spectrophotometric indices to metallicity in field giants. The resulting function allows an estimate of the target-cluster giants' metallicities with an error in the method of \pm0.08 dex. We derive the following metallicities for the seven open clusters: NGC 1245, [m/H]=-0.14\pm0.04; NGC 2099, [m/H]=+0.05\pm0.05; NGC 2324, [m/H]=-0.06\pm0.04; NGC 2539, [m/H]=-0.04\pm0.03; NGC 2682 (M67), [m/H]=-0.05\pm0.02; NGC 6705, [m/H]=+0.14\pm0.08; NGC 6819, [m/H]=-0.07\pm0.12. These metallicity estimates will be useful in planning future extra-solar planet transit searches since planets may form more readily in metal-rich environments.Comment: 38 pages, including 12 figures. Accepted for publication in A

Clinical Outcome Assessments in Encephalitis

Background and ObjectivesMost patients with encephalitis experience persisting neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric sequelae in the years following this acute illness. Reported outcomes are often based on generic clinical outcome assessments that rarely capture the patient perspective. This may result in an underestimation of disease-specific sequelae. Disease-specific clinical outcome assessments can improve clinical relevance of reported outcomes and increase the power of research and trials. There are no patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) developed or validated specifically for patients with encephalitis. The primary objective of this systematic literature review was to identify PROMs that have been developed for or validated in patients with encephalitis. MethodsWe performed a systematic review of the literature published from inception until May 2023 in 3 large international databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane libraries). Eligible studies should have developed or validated a PROM in patients with encephalitis or encephalopathy. Methodologic quality was evaluated using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement Instruments study design checklist for PROMs. ResultsWe identified no disease-specific PROMs developed or validated for patients with encephalitis. We identified one study on the development and validation of a disease-specific PROM for hepatic encephalopathy, although this disease course is substantially different to that of patients with encephalitis. The methodologic quality of the included study was generally rated as "doubtful." We identified 30 PROMs that have been applied in 46 studies on encephalitis or encephalopathy, although not validated in these populations. The most commonly applied PROMs for measuring Health-Related Quality of Life were the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 and the Sickness Impact Profile. Emotional well-being was often assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Sporadically, PROMs were applied to address other aspects of outcome including daily functioning and sleep quality. DiscussionThis systematic review confirms a critical gap in clinical outcome assessments in patients with encephalitis, failing to identify a validated measuring tool for detecting neurocognitive, functional, and health status. It is therefore essential to develop and/or validate disease-specific PROMs for the population with encephalitis to capture relevant information for patient management and clinical trials about the effects of disease that are at risk of being overlooked.</p