1,417 research outputs found
Time periodic and almost periodic viscosity solutions of contact Hamilton-Jacobi equations on
This paper concerns with the time periodic viscosity solution problem for a
class of evolutionary contact Hamilton-Jacobi equations with time independent
Hamiltonians on the torus . Under certain suitable assumptions we
show that the equation has a non-trivial -periodic viscosity solution if and
only if , where is a dense subset of . Moreover, we
clarify the structure of . As a consequence, we also study the existence of
Bohr almost periodic viscosity solutions
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Multistaged discharge constructing heterostructure with enhanced solid-solution behavior for long-life lithium-oxygen batteries.
Inferior charge transport in insulating and bulk discharge products is one of the main factors resulting in poor cycling stability of lithium-oxygen batteries with high overpotential and large capacity decay. Here we report a two-step oxygen reduction approach by pre-depositing a potassium carbonate layer on the cathode surface in a potassium-oxygen battery to direct the growth of defective film-like discharge products in the successive cycling of lithium-oxygen batteries. The formation of defective film with improved charge transport and large contact area with a catalyst plays a critical role in the facile decomposition of discharge products and the sustained stability of the battery. Multistaged discharge constructing lithium peroxide-based heterostructure with band discontinuities and a relatively low lithium diffusion barrier may be responsible for the growth of defective film-like discharge products. This strategy offers a promising route for future development of cathode catalysts that can be used to extend the cycling life of lithium-oxygen batteries
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Endocytic recycling and vesicular transport systems mediate transcytosis of Leptospira interrogans across cell monolayer.
Many bacterial pathogens can cause septicemia and spread from the bloodstream into internal organs. During leptospirosis, individuals are infected by contact with Leptospira-containing animal urine-contaminated water. The spirochetes invade internal organs after septicemia to cause disease aggravation, but the mechanism of leptospiral excretion and spreading remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that Leptospira interrogans entered human/mouse endothelial and epithelial cells and fibroblasts by caveolae/integrin-β1-PI3K/FAK-mediated microfilament-dependent endocytosis to form Leptospira (Lep)-vesicles that did not fuse with lysosomes. Lep-vesicles recruited Rab5/Rab11 and Sec/Exo-SNARE proteins in endocytic recycling and vesicular transport systems for intracellular transport and release by SNARE-complex/FAK-mediated microfilament/microtubule-dependent exocytosis. Both intracellular leptospires and infected cells maintained their viability. Leptospiral propagation was only observed in mouse fibroblasts. Our study revealed that L. interrogans utilizes endocytic recycling and vesicular transport systems for transcytosis across endothelial or epithelial barrier in blood vessels or renal tubules, which contributes to spreading in vivo and transmission of leptospirosis
Model of a multiverse providing the dark energy of our universe
It is shown that the dark energy presently observed in our universe can be
regarded as the energy of a scalar field driving an inflation-like expansion of
a multiverse with ours being a subuniverse among other parallel universes. A
simple model of this multiverse is elaborated: Assuming closed space geometry,
the origin of the multiverse can be explained by quantum tunneling from
nothing; subuniverses are supposed to emerge from local fluctuations of
separate inflation fields. The standard concept of tunneling from nothing is
extended to the effect that in addition to an inflationary scalar field, matter
is also generated, and that the tunneling leads to an (unstable) equilibrium
state. The cosmological principle is assumed to pertain from the origin of the
multiverse until the first subuniverses emerge. With increasing age of the
multiverse, its spatial curvature decays exponentially so fast that, due to
sharing the same space, the flatness problem of our universe resolves by
itself. The dark energy density imprinted by the multiverse on our universe is
time-dependent, but such that the ratio of its mass
density and pressure (times ) is time-independent and assumes a value
with arbitrary . can be chosen so
small, that the dark energy model of this paper can be fitted to the current
observational data as well as the cosmological constant model.Comment: 32 pages, 4 figure
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