Immunosuppresive effects of the methanolic extract of Chrysophyllum cainito leaves on macrophage functions

Background: The aim of this work was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of the methanol extract (MeOH) from Chrysophyllum cainito leaves on the MΦs functions.Material and Methods: Peritoneal murine MΦs isolated from Balb/c mice were treated with the MeOH extract and stimulated with LPS. The effect on the phagocytosis was evaluated by flow cytometry assay. The nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production was measured by the Griess reagent and phenol red reaction, respectively. Levels of IL-6 and TNF-α was measured using an ELISA kit. Viability of MΦs and Vero cells was determined by the MTT method.Results: The MeOH extract of C. cainito leaves inhibited significantly the phagocytosis, and decreased IL-6 and TNF-α production as well as NO and H2O2 released by the MΦs, in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, MeOH extract of C. cainito showed low cytotoxicity effect against the cells.Conclusion: These results suggest that MeOH extract of C. cainito leaves has an immunosuppressive effect on murine MΦs, without effects on cell viability. GC-MS chromatogram analysis of MeOH extract showed that lupeol acetate and alpha-amyrin acetate are the principal compounds.Keywords: Macrophages, Immunomodulation, Chrysophyllum cainito, Sapotaceae, Phagocytosi

IMMUNOSUPPRESIVE EFFECTS OF THE METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CHRYSOPHYLLUM CAINITO LEAVES ON MACROPHAGE FUNCTIONS

Background: The aim of this work was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of the methanol extract (MeOH) from Chrysophyllum cainito leaves on the MΦs functions. Material and Methods: Peritoneal murine MΦs isolated from Balb/c mice were treated with the MeOH extract and stimulated with LPS. The effect on the phagocytosis was evaluated by flow cytometry assay. The nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production was measured by the Griess reagent and phenol red reaction, respectively. Levels of IL-6 and TNF-was measured using an ELISA kit. Viability of MΦs and Vero cells was determined by the MTT method. Results: The MeOH extract of C. cainito leaves inhibited significantly the phagocytosis, and decreased IL-6 and TNF-α production as well as NO and H2O2 released by the MΦs, in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, MeOH extract of C. cainito showed low cytotoxicity effect against the cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that MeOH extract of C. cainito leaves has an immunosuppressive effect on murine MΦs, without effects on cell viability. GC-MS chromatogram analysis of MeOH extract showed that lupeol acetate and alpha-amyrin acetate are the principal compounds

Immunomodulatory effects of the methanolic extract from Pouteria campechiana leaves in macrophage functions

The present study aimed to examine the immunomodulatory properties of the methanolic (MeOH) extract from Pouteria. campechiana leaves in peritoneal macrophages of Balb/c mice. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from mice and Vero cells were treated with the MeOH extract from leaves. Cell viability of the macrophages and Vero cells were evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide method. The phagocytic activity, as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production were evaluated on peritoneal macrophages. Results showed that the MeOH extract from leaves was able to stimulate the phagocytic activity and increase NO, H2O2 and cytokines production. The viability assays do not show cytotoxic effect on cell viability and cause a significative proliferative effect in the macrophages of a concentration-dependent manner. These results conclude that the MeOH extract from P. campechiana leaves possessed a stronger immunostimulatory effect in a concentration-dependent manner without affect the cell viability

Screening Method for 22q11 Deletion Syndrome Involving the Use of TaqMan qPCR for <i>TBX1</i> in Patients with Conotruncal Congenital Heart Disease

22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a phenotypic spectrum that encompasses DiGeorge syndrome (OMIM: 188400) and velocardiofacial syndrome (OMIM: 192430). It is caused by a 1.5–3.0 Mb hemizygous deletion of locus 22q11.2, which leads to characteristic facies, conotruncal cardiovascular malformations, velopharyngeal insufficiency, T-lymphocyte dysfunction due to thymic aplasia, and parathyroid hypoplasia, and, less frequently, neurological manifestations such as delayed psychomotor development or schizophrenia. This study aimed to describe a screening method for the diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in patients with Conotruncal Congenital Heart Disease (CCHD), using qPCR to detect the copy number of the TBX1 gene in a single DNA sample. A total of 23 patients were included; 21 with a biallelic prediction of the TBX1 copy number gene and 2 with a monoallelic prediction who were suspected to be positive and subjected to MLPA confirmation. One patient (4.34%) with truncus arteriosus CCHD was confirmed to have 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. We propose this approach as a possible newborn screening method for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in CCHD patients

Screening Method for 22q11 Deletion Syndrome Involving the Use of TaqMan qPCR for TBX1 in Patients with Conotruncal Congenital Heart Disease

22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a phenotypic spectrum that encompasses DiGeorge syndrome (OMIM: 188400) and velocardiofacial syndrome (OMIM: 192430). It is caused by a 1.5&ndash;3.0 Mb hemizygous deletion of locus 22q11.2, which leads to characteristic facies, conotruncal cardiovascular malformations, velopharyngeal insufficiency, T-lymphocyte dysfunction due to thymic aplasia, and parathyroid hypoplasia, and, less frequently, neurological manifestations such as delayed psychomotor development or schizophrenia. This study aimed to describe a screening method for the diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in patients with Conotruncal Congenital Heart Disease (CCHD), using qPCR to detect the copy number of the TBX1 gene in a single DNA sample. A total of 23 patients were included; 21 with a biallelic prediction of the TBX1 copy number gene and 2 with a monoallelic prediction who were suspected to be positive and subjected to MLPA confirmation. One patient (4.34%) with truncus arteriosus CCHD was confirmed to have 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. We propose this approach as a possible newborn screening method for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in CCHD patients