miRNA expression analysis in T lymphocytes subpopulations from multiple sclerosis patients

O presente estudo discute o papel dos miRNAs na fisiopatologia molecular de Esclerose Múltipla Recorrente Remitente (EMRR). O estudo demonstrou que em linfócitos T CD4+ de pacientes com EMRR em surto ocorre a diminuição da expressão do miR-15a e do miR16-1 em contraposição ao aumento de seu gene alvo BCL-2, um importante gene regulador da apoptose. Esses achados sugerem a participação desses miRNAs no controle da apoptose na EM. Para explorar essa associação, foi analisado a expressão global de miRNAs nas subpopulações de linfócitos T de pacientes com EMRR no estágio de remissão. O resultado dessa análise determinou de forma inédita o aumento significativo da expressão de 9 miRNAs (miRNAs-16, miRNAs-20a, miRNAs-21, miRNAs-24, miRNAs-155, miRNAs-221, miRNAs-222, miRNAs-720 e miRNAs-1281) nos linfócitos T CD8+ de memória central. A análise in silico dos alvos desses miRNAs indicou que três vias canônicas, relacionadas à ativação da apoptose, eram enriquecidas com alvos preditos e validados experimentalmente desses miRNAs. Desse modo sugerimos a forte relação desses miRNAs no controle da apoptose nos linfócitos T dos pacientes com EMRR. A fim de aprofundar nossos estudos, selecionamos os miRNAs miR-21 e miR-24, para a realização de experimentos funcionais in vivo. Foi verificada a indução da expressão miR-21 somente nos linfócitos T CD4+ de modelo experimental da EM. Adicionalmente, experimentos in vitro demonstraram que a expressão do miR-21 e restrita as populações de células Th2 e Th17. Nesse caso, miR-21 parece ser regulado pelo fator de transcrição STAT3, sugerindo assim que o aumento da expressão do miR-21 verificada no modelo animal possa estar relacionada com a presença de linfócitos T CD4+ de perfil Th17 nesse tecido. Em resumo, o conjunto desses resultados demonstra a relevância dos miRNAs na fisiopatologia da EMRR, principalmente no controle da apoptose.This study discusses the role of miRNA in the Molecular Pathophysiology of Relapse Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS). The study has shown that CD4+ lymphocytes from relapsed RRMS patients had lower expression of miR15a and miR-16-1 in contraposition of higher expression of the target gene BCL-2, a key regulator of apoptosis. These findings suggest the role of those on the control of apoptosis in MS. In order to explore this association, the global expression of miRNAs was analysed in T lymphocyte subpopulations from remission RRMS patients. The result of this analysis has demonstrated for the first time a significant higher expression of 9 miRNAs (miRNAs-16, miRNAs-20a, miRNAs-21, miRNAs-24, miRNAs-155, miRNAs-221, miRNAs-222, miRNAs-720 e miRNAs-1281) in central memory T CD8+ lymphocytes. In silico analysis of the miRNAs targets indicates that three canonical pathways related to the activation of apoptosis were enriched with predicted and experimental validated gene targets for those miRNAs. In this way, we suggest the strong relation of these miRNAs in the control of apoptosis in the lymphocytes from RRMS patients. In order to intensify our studies we selected miR-21 and miR-24 to perform in vivo functional experiments. It was verified miR-21 induction only in T CD4+ lymphocytes from MS animal model. Additionally, in vitro experiments have demonstrated that miR-21 expression was restricted to Th2 and Th17 cell populations. In this way, miR-21 seems to be regulated by the STAT3 transcription factor, thereby suggesting that the increase of miR-21 expression observed in vivo could be related with Th17 CD4+ present in this tissue. In summary, this set of results showed the relevance of miRNAs in the RRMS pathophysiology, mainly in the control of apoptosis

miRNA expression analysis in T lymphocytes subpopulations from multiple sclerosis patients

O presente estudo discute o papel dos miRNAs na fisiopatologia molecular de Esclerose Múltipla Recorrente Remitente (EMRR). O estudo demonstrou que em linfócitos T CD4+ de pacientes com EMRR em surto ocorre a diminuição da expressão do miR-15a e do miR16-1 em contraposição ao aumento de seu gene alvo BCL-2, um importante gene regulador da apoptose. Esses achados sugerem a participação desses miRNAs no controle da apoptose na EM. Para explorar essa associação, foi analisado a expressão global de miRNAs nas subpopulações de linfócitos T de pacientes com EMRR no estágio de remissão. O resultado dessa análise determinou de forma inédita o aumento significativo da expressão de 9 miRNAs (miRNAs-16, miRNAs-20a, miRNAs-21, miRNAs-24, miRNAs-155, miRNAs-221, miRNAs-222, miRNAs-720 e miRNAs-1281) nos linfócitos T CD8+ de memória central. A análise in silico dos alvos desses miRNAs indicou que três vias canônicas, relacionadas à ativação da apoptose, eram enriquecidas com alvos preditos e validados experimentalmente desses miRNAs. Desse modo sugerimos a forte relação desses miRNAs no controle da apoptose nos linfócitos T dos pacientes com EMRR. A fim de aprofundar nossos estudos, selecionamos os miRNAs miR-21 e miR-24, para a realização de experimentos funcionais in vivo. Foi verificada a indução da expressão miR-21 somente nos linfócitos T CD4+ de modelo experimental da EM. Adicionalmente, experimentos in vitro demonstraram que a expressão do miR-21 e restrita as populações de células Th2 e Th17. Nesse caso, miR-21 parece ser regulado pelo fator de transcrição STAT3, sugerindo assim que o aumento da expressão do miR-21 verificada no modelo animal possa estar relacionada com a presença de linfócitos T CD4+ de perfil Th17 nesse tecido. Em resumo, o conjunto desses resultados demonstra a relevância dos miRNAs na fisiopatologia da EMRR, principalmente no controle da apoptose.This study discusses the role of miRNA in the Molecular Pathophysiology of Relapse Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS). The study has shown that CD4+ lymphocytes from relapsed RRMS patients had lower expression of miR15a and miR-16-1 in contraposition of higher expression of the target gene BCL-2, a key regulator of apoptosis. These findings suggest the role of those on the control of apoptosis in MS. In order to explore this association, the global expression of miRNAs was analysed in T lymphocyte subpopulations from remission RRMS patients. The result of this analysis has demonstrated for the first time a significant higher expression of 9 miRNAs (miRNAs-16, miRNAs-20a, miRNAs-21, miRNAs-24, miRNAs-155, miRNAs-221, miRNAs-222, miRNAs-720 e miRNAs-1281) in central memory T CD8+ lymphocytes. In silico analysis of the miRNAs targets indicates that three canonical pathways related to the activation of apoptosis were enriched with predicted and experimental validated gene targets for those miRNAs. In this way, we suggest the strong relation of these miRNAs in the control of apoptosis in the lymphocytes from RRMS patients. In order to intensify our studies we selected miR-21 and miR-24 to perform in vivo functional experiments. It was verified miR-21 induction only in T CD4+ lymphocytes from MS animal model. Additionally, in vitro experiments have demonstrated that miR-21 expression was restricted to Th2 and Th17 cell populations. In this way, miR-21 seems to be regulated by the STAT3 transcription factor, thereby suggesting that the increase of miR-21 expression observed in vivo could be related with Th17 CD4+ present in this tissue. In summary, this set of results showed the relevance of miRNAs in the RRMS pathophysiology, mainly in the control of apoptosis

Hypermethylation of MIR21 in CD4+ T cells from patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis associates with lower miRNA-21 levels and concomitant up-regulation of its target genes

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system caused by genetic and environmental factors. DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism that controls genome activity, may provide a link between genetic and environmental risk factors. Objective: We sought to identify DNA methylation changes in CD4+ T cells in patients with relapsing-remitting (RR-MS) and secondary-progressive (SP-MS) disease and healthy controls (HC). Methods: We performed DNA methylation analysis in CD4+ T cells from RR-MS, SP-MS, and HC and associated identified changes with the nearby risk allele, smoking, age, and gene expression. Results: We observed significant methylation differences in the VMP1/MIR21 locus, with RR-MS displaying higher methylation compared to SP-MS and HC. VMP1/MIR21 methylation did not correlate with a known MS risk variant in VMP1 or smoking but displayed a significant negative correlation with age and the levels of mature miR-21 in CD4+ T cells. Accordingly, RR-MS displayed lower levels of miR-21 compared to SP-MS, which might reflect differences in age between the groups, and healthy individuals and a significant enrichment of up-regulated miR-21 target genes. Conclusion: Disease-related changes in epigenetic marking of MIR21 in RR-MS lead to differences in miR-21 expression with a consequence on miR-21 target genes

Simvastatin Modulates Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Proliferation and Gene Expression

<div><p>Statins are widely used hypocholesterolemic drugs that block the mevalonate pathway, responsible for the biosysnthesis of cholesterol. However, statins also have pleiotropic effects that interfere with several signaling pathways. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are a heterogeneous mixture of cells that can be isolated from a variety of tissues and are identified by the expression of a panel of surface markers and by their ability to differentiate <i>in vitro</i> into osteocytes, adipocytes and chondrocytes. MSC were isolated from amniotic membranes and bone marrows and characterized based on ISCT (International Society for Cell Therapy) minimal criteria. Simvastatin-treated cells and controls were directly assayed by CFSE (Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester) staining to assess their cell proliferation and their RNA was used for microarray analyses and quantitative PCR (qPCR). These MSC were also evaluated for their ability to inhibit PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) proliferation. We show here that simvastatin negatively modulates MSC proliferation in a dose-dependent way and regulates the expression of proliferation-related genes. Importantly, we observed that simvastatin increased the percentage of a subset of smaller MSC, which also were actively proliferating. The association of MSC decreased size with increased pluripotency and the accumulating evidence that statins may prevent cellular senescence led us to hypothesize that simvastatin induces a smaller subpopulation that may have increased ability to maintain the entire pool of MSC and also to protect them from cellular senescence induced by long-term cultures/passages <i>in vitro</i>. These results may be important to better understand the pleiotropic effects of statins and its effects on the biology of cells with regenerative potential.</p></div

MSC subpopulations by size (FSC) and complexity (SSC).

<p>The different subsets are surrounded by a blue line drawn around them and the values correspond to the percentage of each in this example. S_5uM, MSC treated with simvastatin in the concentration of 5μM. S+M, MSC treated with 5μM of simvastatin and 100μM of activated L-Mevalonate (M).</p

CFSE proliferation assays of MSC.

<p>The values correspond to the median percentage of viable, CFSE+ cells. S_1uM: MSC treated with simvastatin in the concentration of 1μM. S_5uM, MSC treated with simvastatin in the concentration of 5μM. S+M, MSC treated with 5μM of simvastatin and 100μM of activated L-Mevalonate (M). S+GGPP, MSC treated with 5μM of simvastatin and 5μM of GGPP (20-carbon geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate).</p

Median values of CFSE+ PBMC to assess the ability of simvastatin-treated MSC to inhibit PBMC proliferation.

<p>PBMC alone correspond to the proliferation rate of PBMC alone. Control refers to co-cultures of PBMC with MSC samples exposed only to the vehicle (absolute ethanol). S_1uM: MSC treated with simvastatin in the concentration of 1μM. S_5uM, MSC treated with simvastatin in the concentration of 5μM. S+M, MSC treated with 5μM of simvastatin and 100μM of activated L-Mevalonate (M).</p

Analysis of MSC proliferation for the quadrant of small (FSC^lo) and low complexity (SSC^lo) cells.

<p>S_1uM: MSC treated with simvastatin in the concentration of 1μM. S_5uM, MSC treated with simvastatin in the concentration of 5μM. S+M, MSC treated with 5μM of simvastatin and 100μM of activated L-Mevalonate (M). S+GGPP, MSC treated with 5μM of simvastatin and 5μM of GGPP (20-carbon geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate). A) gating strategy to remove debril and dead cells; B) FSC and SSC quadrants definition; C) Percentages of cells with FSC and SSC< 200; D) Percentages of cells with FSC and SSC> 200.</p

Analysis of MSC proliferation for A) the quadrant of small (FSC^lo) and proliferative (CFSE^hi) MSC and for B) quadrant of large (FSC^hi) and non-proliferative (CFSE^lo) MSC.

<p>S_1uM: MSC treated with simvastatin in the concentration of 1μM. S_5uM, MSC treated with simvastatin in the concentration of 5μM. S+M, MSC treated with 5μM of simvastatin and 100μM of activated L-Mevalonate (M). S+GGPP, MSC treated with 5μM of simvastatin and 5μM of GGPP (20-carbon geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate).</p