Methodology used to estimate alcohol-attributable mortality in Spain, 2001-2017

Incluye versión en español e inglésFactor de impacto: 2,979 Q3[ES] El objetivo es describir y discutir los métodos y asunciones para estimar la mortalidad atribuible a alcohol en España en 2001-2017. Se estimó el nº medio anual de muertes atribuibles a alcohol (MAAs) basándose en 19 grupos de causas de muerte relacionadas con alcohol (18 parcialmente atribuibles y uno directamente atribuible), y 20 fracciones atribuibles poblacionales al alcohol (FAPs) para cada grupo de causas, resultantes de combinar sexo, 5 grupos de edad, y los períodos 2001-2009 y 2010-2017. Las muertes por causa se obtuvieron del Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Para las causas parcialmente atribuibles se calcularon FAPs específicas para España, usando la fórmula de Levin con datos de exposición al alcohol procedentes de encuestas de salud y estadísticas de ventas, y riesgos relativos procedentes de metanálisis internacionales. Se consideraron las prevalencias anuales de exbebedores y de siete niveles de consumo diario de alcohol. Se corrigió la subestimación del consumo medio diario autoinformado con respecto a las estadísticas de venta, multiplicando por un factor de 1,58-3,18, dependiendo del año-calendario. Se calcularon tasas de MAA y porcentajes de la mortalidad general atribuibles a alcohol estandarizados por edad, según sexo, grupo de edad, periodo-calendario, tipo de bebedor y comunidad autónoma. Se realizaron análisis de sensibilidad observando cómo cambiaban las estimaciones de MAA al hacerlo algunas opciones metodológicas, como el criterio de exbebedor o la introducción de un período de latencia. The objective is to describe and discuss methods and assumptions to estimate the mortality attributable to alcohol in Spain in 2001-2017. [EN] The annual mean number of deaths attributable to alcohol (DAAs) was estimated based on 19 groups of alcohol-related causes of death (18 partially attributable and one directly attributable), and 20 alcohol population-attributable fractions (PAFs), resulting from combining sex, 5 age groups, and the periods 2001-2009 and 2010-2017, for each cause group. Deaths from causes were obtained from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. For partially attributable causes, Spain-specific PAFs were calculated using the Levin formula with alcohol exposure data from health surveys and sales statistics, and relative risks from international meta-analyses. Annual prevalences of ex-drinkers and seven levels of daily alcohol consumption were considered. The underestimation of self-reported daily average consumption with respect to the sales statistics was corrected by multiplying by a factor of 1.58-3.18, depending on the calendar year. DAA rates standardized by age and standardized proportions of general mortality attributable to alcohol, according to sex, age group, calendar period, type of drinker and autonomous community were calculated. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess how the DAA estimates changed when changing some methodological options, such as the ex-drinker criterion or the introduction of a latency period.Este artículo es un producto de trabajos realizados en el marco de un proyecto de investigación financiado por la Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (DGPNSD) [Nº Exp: 2015I040] y del apoyo con recursos humanos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Contrato ISCIII-PFIS, Nº Expediente: ENPY-397/18-PFIS).S

Abrupt peaks in perceived risk of occasional drug use after changing the question order in a repeated self-administered survey

Background: Question-order changes in repeated surveys can distort comparisons. We want to describe the evolution of drug risk perceptions among Spanish adolescents and assessing whether the 2006 peaks in perceived risk of occasional drug use can be explained by question-order changes. Methods: The subjects were secondary students from a biennial national survey during 2000-2012. A one-off intervention was applied in 2006, replacing the two-adjacent items on perceived risk of occasional and regular use of each drug by non-adjacent items. Annual prevalence of high-risk perception were obtained for occasional and regular use of cannabis, heroin, cocaine and ecstasy. Subsequently, the 2006 percent level change (PC) in such were estimated prevalence using segmented Poisson regression, adjusting for various student and parent covariates. Results: The 2006 PC in prevalence of high-risk perception of occasional drug use ranged from +63% (heroin) to +83% (ecstasy). These PCs were very high in all considered subgroups. However, the 2006 PC in prevalence of high-risk perception of regular drug use ranged from 1% (heroin) to 12% (cannabis). The evolution of preventive interventions does not suggest alternative causal hypotheses for 2006 peaks other than question-order changes. Conclusion: Within the cognitive heuristics framework, the 2006 spikes in perceived risk of occasional drug use were most likely due to a release of the anchor exerted by perceived risk of regular drug use over that of occasional use triggered by 2006 question-order changes. In repeated surveys it is inexcusable to pre-test the effect of any change in questionnaire format.This research was carried out in the framework of a project funded by the Government Delegation for the National Drugs Plan (DGPNSD) (Grant 2019I017).S

patrimonio intelectual

Actas de congresoLas VI Jornadas se realizaron con la exposición de ponencias que se incluyeron en cuatro ejes temáticos, que se desarrollaron de modo sucesivo para facilitar la asistencia, el intercambio y el debate, distribuidos en tres jornadas. Los ejes temáticos abordados fueron: 1. La enseñanza como proyecto de investigación. Recursos de enseñanza-aprendizaje como mejoras de la calidad educativa. 2. La experimentación como proyecto de investigación. Del ensayo a la aplicabilidad territorial, urbana, arquitectónica y de diseño industrial. 3. Tiempo y espacio como proyecto de investigación. Sentido, destino y usos del patrimonio construido y simbólico. 4. Idea constructiva, formulación y ejecución como proyecto de investigación. Búsqueda y elaboración de resultados que conforman los proyectos de la arquitectura y el diseño

Frequency of sensitization to pollens of the subclass Rosidae in patients with respiratory allergy

Background: Studies related to the patterns of sensitization to rare species of aeroallergens are uncommon.  Objective: To determine the frequency of sensitization to pollens clinically relevant in Allergology, corresponding to subclass Rosidae in patients with respiratory allergy. Patients and method: A cross-sectional study was done with patients included in a group with allergic rhinitis or asthma, respectively. We studied the clinical history, physical examination and reactivity to a panel of allergens, including the species Prosopis, Schinus, Acacia and Eucalyptus. Frequency of sensitization and confidence intervals at 95% (95%CI) were calculated. Results: A total of 104 allergic rhinitis patients and 99 patients with asthma diagnosis were included. In both groups, the mean age corresponded to fourth decade of life. Women had greater frequency. In patients with allergic rhinitis, frequencies of sensitization were: mesquite tree 26.2% (95%CI: 17.7% to 34.6%), American pepper tree 11.5% (95%CI: 5.4% to 17.6%), eucalypt tree 6.7% (95%CI: 1.9% to 11.5%) and acacia tree 3% (95%CI: 0.3% to 6.3%). In subjects with asthma the results were as follows: mesquite tree 13.1% (95%CI: 6.5% to 19.7%), American pepper tree 7.1% (95%CI: 2% to 12.2%), eucalypt tree 4% (95%CI: 0.1% to 7.9%) and acacia tree 3% (95%CI: 0.4% to 6.4%). Both groups had a high frequency of sensitization to ash tree and oak tree followed by eucalypt, pine and acacia tree.  Conclusions: Studied capacity of sensitization to tree pollens for this population is low, except for mesquite tree

Curcumin Provides Hepatoprotection against Amoebic Liver Abscess Induced by Entamoeba histolytica in Hamster: Involvement of Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB/IL-1β Signaling Pathways

Amoebic liver abscess (ALA) is the most common extraintestinal amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica). However, despite current knowledge and scientific advances about this infection, there are no effective treatments to prevent it. Herein, the antiamoebic capacity of curcumin in a hamster model was evaluated. Curcumin (150 mg/kg, p.o., daily during 10 days before infection) considerably prevents liver damage induced at 12 and 48 h post-intrahepatic inoculation of trophozoites and decreases ALT, ALP, and γ-GTP activities, and macroscopic and microscopic observations were consistent with these results. On the other hand, after one week of intraportal inoculation, liver damage was prevented by curcumin (150 mg/kg, p.o., daily, 20 days before amoebic inoculation and during the week of infection); liver/body weight ratios and tissue and histological stains showed normal appearance; in addition, the increases in ALT, ALP, and γ-GTP activities were prevented; the depletion of glycogen content induced by the amoebic damage was partially but significantly prevented, while NF-κB activity was inhibited and the expression of IL-1β was reduced; Nrf2 production showed a tendency to increase it, and HO-1 protein was overexpressed. These results suggest for the first time that curcumin can be a compound with antiamoebic effect in the liver, suggesting that its daily use could help greatly decrease the incidence of this type of infection

Adrenergic regulation during acute hepatic infection with Entamoeba histolytica in the hamster: involvement of oxidative stress, Nrf2 and NF-KappaB

Oxidative stress and transcriptional pathways of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) are critically involved in the etiopathology of amebic liver abscess (ALA). In this work, we studied the relationship between the adrenergic nervous system and ALA in the hamster. ALA was visible at 12 h of infection. While 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA) decreased infection, propranolol (β-adrenergic blocker) treatment was associated with less extensive liver damage, and phentolamine treatment (α-adrenergic blocker) significantly reduced ALA compared to 6-OHDA and propranolol. Serum enzymatic activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) were increased at 12 h post-infection. Chemical denervation and α and β-adrenergic blockers decreased ALT to normal levels, while 6-OHDA and propranolol showed a trend to decrease γ-GTP but phentolamine significantly reduced γ-GTP. Amebic infection increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and decreased both reduced glutathione (GSH) and the GSH/GSSG ratio. Propranolol and 6-OHDA showed a tendency to decrease GSSG. However, GSH, GSSG and GSH/GSSG returned to normal levels with phentolamine. Furthermore, amebic infection increased pNF-κB and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and showed a tendency to decrease hemoxigenase-1 (HO-1), but not Nrf2. Chemical denervation showed a trend to decrease pNF-κB and IL-1β, and neither Nrf2 nor HO-1 increased significantly. In addition, NF-κB and IL-1β were attenuated by propranolol and phentolamine treatments, although phentolamine showed significant overexpression of Nrf2 and HO-1. This suggests that the adrenergic system may be involved in oxidative stress and in modulation of the Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways during ALA development

Adrenergic regulation during acute hepatic infection with

Oxidative stress and transcriptional pathways of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) are critically involved in the etiopathology of amebic liver abscess (ALA). In this work, we studied the relationship between the adrenergic nervous system and ALA in the hamster. ALA was visible at 12 h of infection. While 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA) decreased infection, propranolol (β-adrenergic blocker) treatment was associated with less extensive liver damage, and phentolamine treatment (α-adrenergic blocker) significantly reduced ALA compared to 6-OHDA and propranolol. Serum enzymatic activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) were increased at 12 h post-infection. Chemical denervation and α and β-adrenergic blockers decreased ALT to normal levels, while 6-OHDA and propranolol showed a trend to decrease γ-GTP but phentolamine significantly reduced γ-GTP. Amebic infection increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and decreased both reduced glutathione (GSH) and the GSH/GSSG ratio. Propranolol and 6-OHDA showed a tendency to decrease GSSG. However, GSH, GSSG and GSH/GSSG returned to normal levels with phentolamine. Furthermore, amebic infection increased pNF-κB and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and showed a tendency to decrease hemoxigenase-1 (HO-1), but not Nrf2. Chemical denervation showed a trend to decrease pNF-κB and IL-1β, and neither Nrf2 nor HO-1 increased significantly. In addition, NF-κB and IL-1β were attenuated by propranolol and phentolamine treatments, although phentolamine showed significant overexpression of Nrf2 and HO-1. This suggests that the adrenergic system may be involved in oxidative stress and in modulation of the Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways during ALA development

Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoites and Lipopeptidophosphoglycan Trigger Human Neutrophil Extracellular Traps.

Neutrophil defense mechanisms include phagocytosis, degranulation and the formation of extracellular traps (NET). These networks of DNA are triggered by several immune and microbial factors, representing a defense strategy to prevent microbial spread by trapping/killing pathogens. This may be important against Entamoeba histolytica, since its large size hinders its phagocytosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether E. histolytica and their lipopeptidophosphoglycan (EhLPPG) induce the formation of NETs and the outcome of their interaction with the parasite. Our data show that live amoebae and EhLPPG, but not fixed trophozoites, induced NET formation in a time and dose dependent manner, starting at 5 min of co-incubation. Although immunofluorescence studies showed that the NETs contain cathelicidin LL-37 in close proximity to amoebae, the trophozoite growth was only affected when ethylene glycol tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) was present during contact with NETs, suggesting that the activity of enzymes requiring calcium, such as DNases, may be important for amoeba survival. In conclusion, E. histolytica trophozoites and EhLPPG induce in vitro formation of human NETs, which did not affect the parasite growth unless a chelating agent was present. These results suggest that NETs may be an important factor of the innate immune response during infection with E. histolytica