Patient outcomes.

<p>Patient outcomes.</p

Microorganisms isolated in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia.

<p>Microorganisms isolated in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia.</p

Patient characteristics at ICU admission.

<p>Patient characteristics at ICU admission.</p

MOESM1 of Respiratory changes of the inferior vena cava diameter predict fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing patients with cardiac arrhythmias

Additional file 1: Figure S1. A, Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve of the collapsibility index (cIVC-st) and the inspiratory diameter (iIVC-st) of the inferior vena cava during a standardized inspiratory maneuver before volume expansion (VE) to discriminate responders from nonresponders to VE in the overall population. B, ROC curve of the collapsibility index (cIVC-sp) and the inspiratory diameter (iIVC-sp) of the inferior vena cava during unstandardized spontaneous breathing before VE to discriminate responders from nonresponders to VE in the overall population. Figure S2. A, Linear correlation between the collapsibility index of the inferior vena cava under standardized breathing (cIVC-st) before volume expansion (VE) and VE-induced change in the velocity time integral of aortic blood flow (VTIao). B, Linear correlation between the inspiratory diameter of the inferior vena cava under standardized breathing (iIVC-st) before VE and VE-induced change in VTIao. Figure S3. Scatterplot of individual values before volume expansion (VE) for the collapsibility index (cIVC-sp), minimum-inspiratory diameter (iIVC-sp), and the end-expiratory diameter of the inferior vena cava (eIVC-sp) under unstandardized spontaneous breathing in responders and nonresponders to VE

MOESM2 of Respiratory changes of the inferior vena cava diameter predict fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing patients with cardiac arrhythmias

Additional file 2: Table S1. Respiratory variables in responders and nonresponders before and after volume expansion. Table S2. Volume expansion-induced changes in hemodynamic variables in responders and nonresponders. Table S3. Baseline characteristics of the patients (VE-related change in VTIao ≥ 15% to define responders). Table S4. Hemodynamic variables before and after volume expansion in responders and nonresponders (VE-related change in VTIao ≥ 15% to define responders). Table S5. Accuracy of the inferior vena cava variables for predicting response to volume expansion (VE-related change in VTIao ≥ 15% to define responders)

Schematic representation of key responses to MERS-CoV related to outcome.

<p>Left panel: Coronavirus are recognized by the immune system through the activation of cytosolic and membranous pattern recognition receptors (MDA-5 and RIG-1). This activation triggers IRF 3 which leads to the production of IFNα. IFN activates anti viral effectors like T CD8+ cells allowing viral clearance. Right panel: In the absence of recognition, the decrease in IRF 3 is associated to a decreased production of IL 12 and IFNγ. IL 10 production further represses IFNγ secretion leading to a decreased CD8 T lymphocytes proliferation and an increased viral replication.</p

MERS-CoV induces IL-17 secretion.

<p><b>A</b>, qRTPCR analysis of IL-17A from first week broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) cells of MERS-CoV infected patients, Patient 1 and Patient 2 (black columns), Control (white column), <i>S. Pneumoniae</i>-induced pneumonia (dark grey column) and Patient 2 Herpes simplex virus-induced pneumonia (light grey column) (n = 2 to 4, duplicates). <b>B</b>, Assessment of IL-17A and IL-23 protein in BAL supernatants of first week following onset of clinical symptoms of patient 1 and patient 2. Control group, HSV and bacterial were same samples as previously described. (n = 2 to 4, duplicates) <b>C</b>, Assessment of IL-17A and IL-23 protein in sera of the 30 days following MERS-CoV infection in patient 1 (black line) and patient 2 (grey line). (n = 2 to 4, duplicates). Measurement obtained between D0–3: day 0 and day 3, D4–7: day 4 and 7, D8–14: day 8 and 14, D15–21: day 15 and 21, D22–30: day 22 and 30.</p

Innate immune response against MERS-CoV requires IFNα expression.

<p><b>A,B,C,D,E,F</b> qRTPCR analysis of RIG-1, MDA-5 IRF3, IRF7, IFNα and IFNβ from first week broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) cells of MERS-CoV infected patients, patient 1 and patient 2 (black columns), Control (white column), <i>S. pneumoniae</i>-induced pneumonia (dark grey column) and patient 2 Herpes simplex virus-induced pneumonia (light grey column) (n = 2 to 4, duplicates). <b>G</b> Assessment of IFNα protein in BAL supernatants from the first week following onset of clinical symptoms in samples from patient 1 and patient 2. Control group, HSV and bacterial samples from BALs of patients without infection, with lung HSV replication and with upper respiratory tract infection respectively. (n = 2 to 4, duplicates), and assessment of IFNα protein in sera of the 30 days following MERS-CoV infection in patient 1 (black line) and patient 2 (grey line). (n = 2 to 4, duplicates). Measurement obtained between D0–3: day 0 and day 3, D4–7: day 4 and 7, D8–14: day 8 and 14, D15–21: day 15 and 21, D22–30: day 22 and 30.</p

Persistent increased levels of CXCL10 and IL-10 are found in the patient with poor outcome during MERS-CoV infection.

<p>Assessment of CXCL10 and IL-10 protein in sera of the 30 days following MERS-CoV infection in patient 1 (black line) and patient 2 (grey line). (n = 2 to 4, duplicates). Measurement obtained between D0–3: day 0 and day 3, D4–7: day 4 and 7, D8–14: day 8 and 14, D15–21: day 15 and 21, D22–30: day 22 and 30.</p

Additional file 2: of Comparison of fluid balance and hemodynamic and metabolic effects of sodium lactate versus sodium bicarbonate versus 0.9% NaCl in porcine endotoxic shock: a randomized, open-label, controlled study

Study design. During preparation period, all animals received 25 mL/kg 0.9% NaCl to prevent hypovolemia. When all preparations were completed, a 30-min period was allowed to stabilize the measured variables. Measurements were taken over a 5-h period. All animals were administered 5 μg/kg/min Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (serotype 055:B5; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA). If MAP fell below 65 mmHg, 2.5 mL/kg infusion of NaCl 0.9% was given as rescue therapy every 15 min. We studied three groups receiving 450 mL (from T30 to T300) of different fluids as follows: 11.2% hypertonic sodium lactate AP-HP® (AGEPS, Paris, France) (SL group), 0.9% NaCl (NC group), and 8.4% hypertonic sodium bicarbonate (SB group). In order to inject an equivalent energy supply, 5% glucose solution (Baxter SAS, Guyancourt, France) was perfused in the NC and SB groups. Finally, in order to maintain the same fluid intake in the three groups, the SL group received 780 mL sterile water for injection (Baxter SAS, Guyancourt, France) in place of 5% glucose solution from T30 to T300. SL, Sodium lactate group; SB, sodium bicarbonate group; NC, NaCl 0.9% group; MAP, mean arterial pressure; HR, heart rate; BP, blood pressure; PBP, pulmonary blood pressure; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; RAP, right atrial pressure; SvO2, mixed venous oxygen saturation; CI, cardiac index; SDF, sidestream dark field; NIRS, near-infrared spectroscopy; A-VBG, arterial and venous blood gas. (PDF 48 kb