Children and young people's behaviour in accidental dwelling fires: A systematic review of the qualitative literature

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Children and young people are considered one of the most vulnerable population groups when exposed to accidental dwelling fires. Understanding how children behave in these circumstances and the reasons for their decision making are important to support rescue and fire safety education. We undertook a systematic review of the qualitative literature to identify studies where children and young people were asked to recount their experiences of being in an accidental dwelling fire in order to inform UK Fire and Rescue Service training and fire safety education programmes. We found no studies designed specifically to explore children's behaviours in dwelling fires, and only four studies (including 39 children's stories) where their behaviours had been recorded coincidentally to the main study aim. The evidence arising from these stories was frequently incomplete, often out of date (15–20years old), and 38/39 (97%) of stories were from the United States. This review indicates there is inadequate evidence of the current lived experience of children in accidental dwelling fires to support fire and rescue services in either their fire and rescue training or community fire safety education activities, particularly for non-US countries

The enduring effect of early life adversities on health trajectories

From PubMed via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: received 2021-07-06, accepted 2021-07-27Publication status: aheadofprin

Epidemiology of injuries in primary school aged children

Background Injuries remain one of the leading causes of death and disability for children over the age of one year in the UK and socioeconomic differences persist in injury occurrence. Policy makers need to understand the distribution of injuries and their associated risk factors to address the issue. This thesis aims to summarise the evidence from cohort studies of injury occurrence and risk factors for injury in school aged children, to describe the injuries occurring to primary school aged children in an area of England, and to explore the relationship between secondary care attended injuries in those children and risk factors in the child, their family, their home and their neighbourhood. Methods A systematic literature review of cohort studies reporting injuries in school- aged children was undertaken. Data on injuries and risk factors was used from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Parent reported injury data collected four times between the ages of five and 11 years were coded and described. Multivariable logistic regression analyses of risk factors for secondary care attended injury were undertaken on the observed data and repeated on a dataset where missing values had been imputed. Results The review identified 44 papers from 18 cohort studies. Risk factors for injury were identified, and equivalent variables from ALSPAC included in analyses where possible. The distribution of 12,421 injury events in 5752 children in ALSPAC illustrated trends in injuries by type of injury, age and sex. Child factors such as male sex, having a previous injury treated in secondary care and behavioural problems were associated with increased risk of injury. Mothers with many life events and children living in privately rented accommodation had increased risks of injury. Children with two or more younger siblings had reduced risks of injury. Conclusions Few cohort studies have reported trends in child injury with age, collected information on the child's environment or reported associations between the environment and injury. This study addressed these issues. Limited evidence of environmental predictors for child injury were found, but factors in the child, their family and their home may usefully inform prevention initiatives.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Assessment of home hazards for non-fatal childhood injuries in rural Nepal: A community survey

Background: Unintentional injuries in and around the home are important causes of preventable death and disability among young children globally. In Nepal, there is a lack of data regarding home injuries and home hazards to guide the development of effective interventions for preventing childhood home injuries. This study aimed to determine the burden of unintentional home injuries in children < 5 years in rural Nepal and quantify the injury hazards in their homes.Methods: A survey was conducted in 740 households in rural areas of the Makwanpur district during February and March 2015. The primary carer reported home injuries which occurred in the previous 3 months and data collector observation identified the injury hazards. Injury incidence, mechanism and the proportion of households with different hazards were described. Multivariable logistic regression explored associations between the number and type of home hazards and injuries.Results: Injuries severe enough to need treatment, or resulting in non-participation in usual activities for at least a day, were reported in 242/1042 (23.2%) children < 5 years. The mean number of injury hazards per household was 14.98 (SD=4.48), range of 3–31. Regression analysis found an estimated increase of 31% in the odds of injury occurrence associated with each additional injury hazard found in the home (adjusted OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.20 to 1.42).Conclusions: A high proportion of young children in rural Nepal sustained injuries severe enough to miss a day of usual activities. Increased frequency of hazards was associated with an increased injury risk

Economic burden of road traffic injuries in Nepal

The evidence of the economic burden of road traffic injuries (RTIs) in Nepal is limited. The most recent study, conducted in 2008, is now considered outdated because there has been a rapid increase in vehicle numbers and extensive road building over the last decade. This study estimated the current economic costs of RTIs in Nepal, including the direct costs, productivity costs, and valuation of pain, grief, and suffering. An incidence-based cost-of-illness analysis was conducted from a societal perspective, employing a bottom-up approach using secondary data. All costs incurred by the patients, their family members, and costs to society were estimated, with sensitivity analyses to consider uncertainty around the data estimates available. Productivity loss was valued using the human capital approach. The total costs of RTIs in 2017 were estimated at USD 122.88 million. Of these, the costs of productivity loss were USD 91.57 million (74.52%) and the pain, grief, and suffering costs were USD 18.31 million (14.90%). The direct non-medical costs were USD 11.50 million (9.36%) whereas the direct medical costs were USD 1.50 million (1.22%). The economic costs of RTIs increased by threefold since 2007 and are equivalent to 1.52% of the gross national product, indicating the growing national financial burden associated with preventable RTIs

Prevention of sports injuries in children at school: A systematic review of policies

© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. Background Participation in sports as a child improves physical and psychological health. Schools need to promote sport while protecting against injury. It is not clear whether increasing evidence on injury prevention generated from professional sport is influencing school sports practices. This study reviewed policies promoting sport safety in schools to determine whether exposure to injury risk is recognised and whether evidence based prevention and management are included. Methods A search strategy to identify policies for children aged 4-18 years was applied to electronic databases and grey literature sources. Safeguarding policies were excluded. Included policies were critically appraised and synthesised using modified framework analysis. Results Twenty-six policies were analysed. Most (57.7%) were from the USA. Ten (38.5%) focused solely on concussion. Synthesis identified primary, secondary and tertiary injury prevention measures relating to people (staff, students and parents), systems, school physical environment and national-level factors. Conclusions Robust, evidence-based policies for reducing injury risk in school sports are limited. Guidelines with the largest evidence base were focused on concussion, with other school sport guidelines showing limited inclusion of evidence. Where included, evidence focused on injury management rather than prevention and frequently applied evidence from adult to children. Guidance was not specific to the child's age, gender or developmental stage

Community-based child injury prevention in Nepal: A programme for female community health volunteers

An educational injury prevention programme, including basic first-aid training was developed for FCHVs and mother's group members. This included the discussion about child injury prevention in mother's group meeting; development of a mother's group facilitation manual; a picture book on child injuries and two education posters. Two hundred sixty mothers and thirty males were directly involved in the mother's group meetings. Twenty First-Aid kits were provided to 9 FCHVs, 10 mother's groups and a VDC facilitator. In total, the FHCVs and mothers identified 155 injured children in the VDC over a period of 7 months using the child injury data collection form. A report of the feasibility of delivering the materials through women’s groups in wards across the project VDC was prepared. An observation of their knowledge about child injuries before and after implementing this intervention found considerable increased awareness about child injuries. Each mother's group was able to establish a Child Injury Prevention Fund in their ward using a donation of about £6 per ward from the research study. Dissemination of the intervention and findings has been done through presentations at the South West Public Health Scientific Conference in February 2014 and IUHPE World Health Promotion Conference in Thailand in August 2013. An oral presentation is planned for the Faculty Research Conference at the University of the West of England in 2014. As stated in the proposal, preparation of articles for Peer Reviewed Journal and abstracts for International Conference is also planned. The following sections describe the results related to the process and programmatic part of the intervention

Epidemiology of unintentional child injuries in the makwanpur district of Nepal: A household survey

© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Secondary sources of information indicate that the proportion of child deaths due to injuries is increasing in Nepal. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of unintentional injuries in children, explore risk factors and estimate the burden faced by families and the community in the Makwanpur district. We conducted a household survey in Makwanpur, covering 3441 households. Injuries that occurred during the 12 months before the survey and required treatment or caused the child to be unable to take part in usual activities for three or more days were included. We identified 193 cases of non-fatal unintentional child injuries from 181 households and estimated an annual rate of non-fatal injuries of 24.6/1000 children; rates for boys were double (32.7/1000) that for girls (16.8/1000). The rates were higher among the children of age groups 1–4 years and 5–9 years. Falls were the most common cause of non-fatal child injuries followed by burns in preschool children and road traffic injuries were the most likely cause in adolescence. Mean period of disability following injury was 25 days. The rates and the mechanisms of injury vary by age and gender. Falls and burns are currently the most common mechanisms of injury amongst young children around rural homes