Travis Go. Eine App im Umgang mit audiovisuellen Medienprodukten unterstützt des Erwerb historischer Medienkompetenzen

History lessons in secondary schools aim at fostering competences in historical thinking. A part of this is the competence to differentiate between historical sources and depictions. In our article we outline how the classroom use of the web app Travis Go can contribute to fostering historical competences. Drawing on literature from teaching methodology, we discuss a scheme for an audio- visual media analysis on a macro and micro level. An example analysis of an excerpt from a TV documentary shows how the functions of Travis Go can be used to meet history teaching and media education requirements

Cardiovascular and Renal Effects of High Salt Diet in GDNF+/- Mice with Low Nephron Number

Aims: To test the suggested association of low nephron number and later development of renal and cardiovascular disease we investigated the effects of high sodium diet in heterozygous GDNF+/- mice. Methods: Aged wild type and GDNF+/- mice were grouped together according to high sodium (HS, 4%) or low sodium (LS, 0.03%) diet for 4 weeks. The heart, the aorta and the kidneys were processed for morphometric and stereological evaluations and TaqMan PCR. Results: On HS GDNF+/- mice showed significantly higher drinking volume and urine production than wt and mean arterial blood pressure tended to be higher. Heart weight was higher in GDNF+/- than in wt, but the difference was only significant for LS. HS significantly increased cardiac interstitial tissue in GDNF+/-, but not in wt. On LS GDNF+/- mice had significantly larger glomeruli than wt and HS led to an additional two fold increase of glomerular area compared to LS. On electron microscopy glomerular damage after HS was seen in GDNF+/-, but not in wt. Dietary salt intake modulated renal IL-10 gene expression in GDNF+/-. Conclusion: In the setting of 30% lower nephron number HS diet favoured maladaptive changes of the kidney as well as of the cardiovascular system

Mild Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Genetically Determined Low Nephron Number is Associated with Chloride but Not Sodium Retention

Background/Aims: One potential pathomechanism how low nephron number leads to hypertension in later life is altered salt handling. We therefore evaluated changes in electrolyte and water content in wildtype (wt) and GDNF+/- mice with a 30% reduction of nephron number. Methods: 32 GDNF+/- and 36 wt mice were fed with low salt (LSD, 0.03%, normal drinking water) or high salt (HSD, 4%, 0.9% drinking water) diet for 4 weeks. Blood pressure was continuously measured by telemetry in a subgroup. At the end of the experiment and after standardized ashing processes electrolyte- and water contents of the skin and the total body were determined. Results: We found higher blood pressure in high salt treated GDNF+/-compared to wt mice. Of interest, we could not confirm an increase in total-body sodium as predicted by prevailing explanations, but found increased total body and skin chloride that interestingly correlated with relative kidney weight. Conclusion: We hereby firstly report significant total body and skin chloride retention in salt sensitive hypertension of GDNF+/-mice with genetically determined lower nephron number. Thus, in contrast to the prevailing opinion our data argue for the involvement of non-volume related mechanisms

Aqueous Humor Dynamics and Its Influence on Glaucoma

The chapter describes the anatomical and functional features of the aqueous humor (AH) dynamics with special focus on pathological changes in glaucoma. The main therapeutic approaches to medically and surgically regulate AH production and outflow are discussed