59 research outputs found

    FachkrÀfte im Gesundheitswesen und das Thema hÀusliche Gewalt: Ergebnisse dreier Befragungen in Sachsen 2009, 2010 und 2015

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    Hintergrund: HĂ€usliche Gewalt ist ein allgegenwĂ€rtiges Problem mit multiplen negativen Gesundheitsauswirkungen fĂŒr Betroffene und hohen Folgekosten fĂŒr das Gemeinwesen. Aufgrund der direkten und indirekten Gesundheitsfolgen nehmen Betroffene hĂ€ufig medizinische Hilfe in Anspruch. Diese Kontakte sind wesentlich hĂ€ufiger als die Inanspruchnahme spezifischer nichtmedizinischer Hilfeeinrichtungen. GesundheitsfachkrĂ€ften kommt hiermit eine wesentliche Rolle bei der Identifizierung hĂ€uslicher Gewalt, der Versorgung ihrer Folgen und auch der PrĂ€vention weiterer Gewalt zu. Um FachkrĂ€fte im Gesundheitswesen fĂŒr das Thema zu sensibilisieren und zu qualifizieren, wurde in den Jahren 2008-2010 das Projekt „Hinsehen – Erkennen – Handeln“ (HEH) durchgefĂŒhrt. Es wurden ein Dokumentationsbogen fĂŒr Sachsen sowie Informationsmaterialien fĂŒr Betroffene entwickelt und gemeinsam mit dem bereits bestehenden Ă€rztlichen Leitfaden in berufs- und fachgruppenspezifischen Veranstaltungen vorgestellt. Die Evaluation der Veranstaltungen fand kontinuierlich Eingang in die Weiterentwicklung der Materialien. Das Projekt wurde begleitet durch Befragungen von GesundheitsfachkrĂ€ften, mit einer Ersterhebung 2009 und einer Folgeerhebung 2010. Basierend hierauf beauftragte das SĂ€chsische Staatsministerium fĂŒr Gleichstellung und Integration 2015 die Erstellung eines „Maßnahmenkatalogs zur Einbindung des Gesundheitswesens in die Hilfenetzwerke zur BekĂ€mpfung hĂ€uslicher Gewalt in Sachsen“ und in Vorbereitung dazu eine erneute Befragung aller sĂ€chsischen (Zahn-)Ärztinnen und (Zahn-) Ärzten. Die drei genannten Befragungen sind Gegenstand der hier vorgelegten Promotionsschrift. Methoden: Bei den Befragungen 2009 und 2010 wurden 4787 bzw. 4812 FachkrĂ€fte im Gesundheitswesen angeschrieben (Angehörige des UniversitĂ€tsklinikums, ambulant tĂ€tige Ärzt*innen, Psycholog*innen, Hebammen, Physiotherapeut*innen und PflegekrĂ€fte aus Dresden und Chemnitz). Der Fragebogen umfasste 74 Items in den Bereichen: Person und Beruf, Informationsstand zum Thema, Umgang mit Betroffenen, Bekanntheit von Arbeitshilfen und Beratungsstellen, sowie Einstellung zu Fortbildungen zum Thema. Der RĂŒcklauf betrug 1107 (23%) bzw. 788 (16%). Unter den Antwortenden der Re-Befragung 2010 befanden sich 132 von insgesamt 931 Teilnehmern von Schulungen im Rahmen des Projektes HEH. FĂŒr die Befragung 2015 wurden alle 20.712 sĂ€chsischen (Zahn-)Ärztinnen und (Zahn-)Ärzte (16.757 bzw. 3.955) angeschrieben. Der Fragebogen enthielt 78 Items in den vorgenannten Themenbereichen; zusĂ€tzlich sollte ein beigelegter Dokumentationsbogen bewertet werden. Der RĂŒcklauf betrug 1346 (6.5%). Von den weiblichen Angeschriebenen antworteten 8,3%, von den mĂ€nnlichen 4,3%. Die Auswertung der Antworten erfolgte mit Hilfe deskriptiver Statistik. Vergleiche wurden durchgefĂŒhrt zwischen Berufsgruppen, zwischen den StĂ€dten Dresden und Chemnitz, zwischen den Befragungszeitpunkten 2009 und 2010, sowie zwischen Schulungsteilnehmern und Nicht-Schulungsteilnehmern. Bei der Auswertung der Befragung 2015 wurden zusĂ€tzlich Beziehungen zwischen der Beantwortung einzelner Items hergestellt. Ergebnisse: a) Informationsstand zum Thema HĂ€usliche Gewalt: Auf einer mehrstufigen Skala zur subjektiven Informiertheit lagen in den jeweiligen Gesamtkollektiven die Antworten mehrheitlich nahe dem Mittelwert; es fanden sich keine Unterschiede nach Befragungsjahren, StĂ€dten oder Berufsgruppen. Allerdings fĂŒhlten sich niedergelassene Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Dresden im Jahr 2010 signifikant besser informiert als in Chemnitz (p=0.02); in 2015 war dieser Unterschied nicht mehr vorhanden. Unter den Antwortenden 2010 fĂŒhlten sich diejenigen, die an einer Schulung teilgenommen hatten, hochsignifikant besser informiert als Nicht-Schulungsteilnehmer (p<.001); dies sowohl im Vergleich innerhalb Dresdens (EffektstĂ€rke d=0.59) als auch zwischen den StĂ€dten als auch im Vergleich mit dem Gesamtkollektiv 2009. SchrĂ€nkt man die Vergleiche auf diejenigen Personen ein, die angaben, auf beide Befragungen geantwortet zu haben, war die EffektstĂ€rke zwischen Schulungsteilnehmern und Nicht-Schulungsteilnehmern aus Dresden noch etwas höher (d=0.61); zusĂ€tzlich fand sich sogar ein Unterschied unter den Nicht-Schulungsteilnehmern 2009 und 2010 (p<0.001; d=0.19). Dieser letzte Unterschied war fĂŒr die Antwortenden aus Chemnitz nicht vorhanden. Gebeten um eine SchĂ€tzung der LebenszeitprĂ€valenz von Erlebnissen hĂ€uslicher Gewalt, antworteten in allen drei Befragungskollektiven nur ein Viertel nahe der tatsĂ€chlichen Ziffer fĂŒr Frauen von 20-30%; fĂŒr MĂ€nner wurde die Ziffer deutlich geringer geschĂ€tzt, wobei verlĂ€ssliche epidemiologische Zahlen nicht vorliegen. Unterschiede zwischen den Untergruppen von Befragten waren nicht zu erkennen. b) Umgang mit Betroffenen: In allen drei Befragungen wurde die vermutete berufliche KontakthĂ€ufigkeit zu Betroffenen als sehr gering eingestuft; einzige Ausnahme bildete die Berufsgruppe der Psycholog*innen. Die Bereitschaft, Betroffene anzusprechen, wurde mit 40-100% als durchaus hoch eingeschĂ€tzt, es fanden sich jedoch signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Berufsgruppen (niedriger bei Hebammen und PflegekrĂ€ften, höher bei Ärzt*innen und Psycholog*innen). Die Zufriedenheit mit den Möglichkeiten, Betroffenen zu helfen, wurde durchweg als gering berichtet; lediglich Psycholog*innen gaben eine bessere EinschĂ€tzung. FĂŒr den Vergleich zwischen Schulungsteilnehmern und Nicht-Schulungsteilnehmern fand sich in der Befragung 2010 ein Trend (p=0.09). c) Bekanntheit von Arbeitshilfen und Beratungsstellen: Von den zur Auswahl gestellten Arbeits- und Informationshilfen war unter (Zahn-)Ärztinnen und (Zahn-)Ärzten das bundesweite Hilfetelefon (geschaltet seit 2011) mit 45% die bekannteste, gefolgt vom sĂ€chsischen Ärzteleitfaden (in allen drei JahrgĂ€ngen gleichbleibend ca. 30%). Von den örtlichen Beratungsstellen und Hilfeeinrichtungen waren in der Befragung 2015 das Institut fĂŒr Rechtsmedizin (68%) und die FrauenhĂ€user (61%) die bekanntesten; lediglich 31% kannten die lokalen spezialisierten Beratungsstellen. In den Jahren 2009 und 2010 waren es sogar nur 9% bzw.13% gewesen. Durchweg waren die Kenntnisse in anderen Berufsgruppen deutlich geringer. Schulungsteilnehmer hatten in der Befragung 2010 signifikant höhere Kenntnisse als Nicht-Schulungsteilnehmer. Diejenigen Antwortenden 2015 mit den geringsten Kenntnissen von Informationsmaterialien und Hilfeeinrichtungen hatten auch die geringste Zufriedenheit mit der Möglichkeit zu helfen angegeben. d) Einstellung zu Fortbildungen zum Thema: Über alle Befragungen hinweg zeigten sich ca. 70% der Ärztinnen und Ärzte an Fortbildungen zum Thema interessiert. Ein zeitlicher Umfang von bis zu zwei Stunden wurde stark bevorzugt. PflegekrĂ€fte hatten Ă€hnliche PrĂ€ferenzen, Hebammen und Psycholog*innen tendierten zu lĂ€ngeren Fortbildungsdauern. Von möglichen Inhalten wurden am hĂ€ufigsten genannt: konkrete Handlungsanleitungen, Informationen ĂŒber Beratungsstellen, rechtliche Aspekte sowie Hinweise zur GesprĂ€chsfĂŒhrung mit Betroffenen. Schlussfolgerung: Die geschilderten Befragungen aus Sachsen zeigen, dass FachkrĂ€fte im Gesundheitswesen, darunter gleichermaßen Ärztinnen und Ärzte wie Angehörige anderer Berufsgruppen, wenig vorbereitet sind, ihre wesentliche SchlĂŒsselrolle bei der umfassenden Hilfe fĂŒr Betroffene von hĂ€uslicher Gewalt einzunehmen und zur Geltung zu bringen. Sie signalisieren zwar einerseits eine hohe Bereitschaft, Betroffene anzusprechen, sehen sich in ihrer BerufsausĂŒbung aber in nur sehr geringem Kontakt zu Betroffenen und sind wenig zufrieden mit den Möglichkeiten zu helfen. Gleichzeitig ist die Kenntnis verfĂŒgbarer Informationsmaterialien und bestehender Hilfeeinrichtungen unvollstĂ€ndig oder sogar gering. Der offenkundige Bedarf an Awareness-Steigerung einerseits und Kenntnis-Vermittlung andererseits wurde im Projekt HEH adressiert. Die Befragungen zeigen eindeutig, dass derartig fokussierte Schulungen und Fortbildungen einen positiven Effekt haben, gleichzeitig aber, dass sie longitudinal besser verankert werden mĂŒssen. Die Befragung hat zusĂ€tzlich herausgearbeitet, dass Fortbildungen durchaus auf Interesse stoßen, und welche Formate und Inhalte dabei die grĂ¶ĂŸte Akzeptanz finden.:1 EINLEITUNG 1 2 HINTERGRUND: HÄUSLICHE GEWALT UND GESUNDHEITSWESEN 3 2.1 Politische Relevanz 3 2.2 Definition: HĂ€usliche Gewalt 4 2.3 Art der Gewalttaten bei hĂ€uslicher Gewalt 4 2.4 PrĂ€valenz hĂ€uslicher Gewalt 5 2.5 PrĂ€valenz hĂ€uslicher Gewalt in Sachsen 7 2.6 Gesundheitliche Folgen hĂ€uslicher Gewalt 9 2.7 Schlüsselstelle Gesundheitswesen 11 2.8 Netzwerke zur BekĂ€mpfung hĂ€uslicher Gewalt 11 2.9 EuropĂ€ische Interventionsprojekte zu hĂ€uslicher Gewalt 12 2.10 Interventionsprojekte zu hĂ€uslicher Gewalt im Gesundheitswesen in Deutschland 13 2.11 Maßnahmen zum Thema hĂ€usliche Gewalt im sĂ€chsischen Gesundheitswesen 15 2.12 Maßnahmen zum Thema hĂ€usliche Gewalt in der Stadt Dresden 17 3 PROJEKT „HINSEHEN-ERKENNEN-HANDELN“ (HEH) 18 3.1 Strategisches Vorgehen 18 3.2 Digitale Verfügbarkeit der Materialien 21 3.3 Fortbildungsformate 21 3.4 Prozessbegleitung und Evaluation der Veranstaltungen 24 3.5 Fachveranstaltung und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit 25 3.6 Zielstellung: Befragungen medizinischer FachkrĂ€fte 26 4 METHODEN 27 4.1 Befragung von FachkrĂ€ften im Gesundheitswesen im Jahr 2009 28 4.2 Re-Befragung von FachkrĂ€ften im Jahr 2010 34 4.3 Vergleich Befragung Dresden-Chemnitz 2009 und Re-Befragung 2010 36 4.4 Befragung von (Zahn-)Ärztinnen und (Zahn-)Ärzten Sachsen im Jahr 2015 37 4.5 Statistik 42 5 ERGEBNISSE 44 5.1 Ergebnisse Befragung im Jahr 2009 44 5.2 Ergebnisse Re-Befragung FachkrĂ€fte im Jahr 2010 59 5.3 Ergebnisse Befragung im Jahr 2015 71 5.4 Befragungsergebnisse im Vergleich 83 6 DISKUSSION 98 6.1 Hauptergebnisse aus den Fragebogenuntersuchungen 98 6.2 Limitationen und StĂ€rken der Untersuchungen 102 6.3 Klinische Implikationen und Konsequenzen für die politische Willensbildung 104 6.4 Fazit 108 7 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 110 8 LITERATUR 117 9 TABELLEN 123 10 ABBILDUNGEN 125 11 ABKÜRZUNGEN 129 12 ANHANG 129 13 DANKSAGUNG 155 14 ERKLÄRUNGEN ZUR ERÖFFNUNG DES PROMOTIONSVERFAHRENS 156 15 ERKLÄRUNG ZUR EINHALTUNG RECHTLICHER VORSCHRIFTEN 157Background: Domestic violence is an omnipresent problem with multiple negative consequences for those affected and high costs for the community. Due to direct and indirect health impacts, medical attention is sought frequently. Contact with medical professionals is much more common than with specialized non-medical counseling facilities. Therefore, health care providers play a key role in the identification of domestic violence, treatment of the consequences, and thus prevention of further violence. The 2008-2010 project 'Hinsehen–Erkennen–Handeln' (HEH: Look at–Recognize-Act) was initiated in order to sensitizing and training medical professionals. Information material and a documentation form for Saxony were developed and presented at focused training modules together with existing medical guidelines. The project was flanked by two surveys of health care providers, first in 2009, then in 2010. Based on that, the Saxon Ministry of Equality and Integration in 2015 commissioned a 'Catalog of Measures for Integrating the Health Care System into the Help Network Combating Domestic Violence in Saxony'. In preparation for that, another survey of all physicians and dentists in Saxony was employed. Those three surveys are the subject of the current thesis. Methods: The 2009 and 2010 surveys were sent to 4787 and 4812 professionals, respectively (members of the university clinic, outpatient doctors, psychologists, midwives, physiotherapists and care personnel from Dresden and Chemnitz). They comprised 74 items on: personal information and profession, level of information, handling of those affected, familiarity with work aids and counseling facilities, as well as interest in continued education on the topic. The rates of return were 1107 (23%) and 788 (16%), respectively. Among those who answered in 2010 there were 132 out of a total 931 participants of training modules from the HEH project. The 2015 survey went out to all 20,712 Saxon physicians and dentists (16,757 and 3,955 respectively). It covered 78 items on the same topics. In addition, a proposed documentation form was to be evaluated. There were 1346 replies (6.5%). The rates were 8.3% for female and 4.3% for male recipients. Analysis of the answers was done by descriptive statistics. Points of comparison were: professions, the cities Chemnitz and Dresden, survey year 2009 or 2010, and participation of training modules. For the 2015 survey, relations between different items were analysed. Results: a) Level of Information about Domestic Violence: Answers on the subjective information about the topic mostly converged around the mean irrespective of year of the survey, city, or profession. However, Dresden physicians in private practice felt significantly better informed than those in Chemnitz in 2010 (p=0.02) but not so in 2009. The difference disappeared again in 2015. In 2010, those respondents who attended training modules felt themselves to be much more informed than those who did not (p<0.001), an effect which held true for the comparison within Dresden (effect strength d=0.59), between the cities, and with the 2009 survey. When limiting the comparisons to those who responded to both the 2009 and the 2010 surveys, this effect was even higher comparing Dresdners who attended training modules and those who did not (d=0.61). In addition, there was even a difference between 2009 and 2010 for respondents from Dresden who did not attend training modules (p<0.001; d=0.19), an effect that could not be observed in Chemnitz. When asked to estimate the lifetime prevalence of domestic violence, only a quarter of respondents of all three surveys came close to the actual rate for women, 20-30%. The rate for men was estimated to be significantly lower. There were no divergences between the subgroups of respondents. b) Dealing of those affected: Participants of all three surveys estimated the frequency of their professional contact with those affected to be very low, the only exception being psychologists. Readiness to approach the affected was rated relatively high with 40-100%, but significant differences were found between professions (lower for midwives and nurses, higher for physicians and psychologists). Satisfaction with options for offering help was generally low, only psychologists saw them more positive. Here, the 2010 survey showed an upward trend between those who participated in training modules and those who did not (p=0.09). c) Familiarity with work aids and counseling facilities: For physicians and dentists, among the information and work aids mentioned in the survey, the federal help hotline (started in 2011) was best known with 45%, followed by the Saxon guideline for physicians with 30% for all three surveys. In 2015, the list of local counseling and aid facilities was topped by the institute for forensic medicine (68%) and by women's shelters (61%). Only 31% of respondents knew of the more specifically dedicated local counseling facilities, a number that grew from 9% and 13% in 2009 and 2010, respectively. For other professions, familiarity with these options was markedly lower. Participation in the training modules indicated significantly higher rates of familiarity in the 2010 survey. In 2015, those with the least knowledge of informational material and counseling facilities were least satisfied with the options for offering help. d) Interest in continued education: Across all surveys, around 70% of physicians showed interest in continued education, strongly favoring units at a length of two hours. Nurses showed very similar preferences, while midwives and psychologists tended towards longer durations. The subjects most commonly called for were concrete guidelines for action, counseling facilities, legal aspects, and conversational skills. Conclusion: The surveys from Saxony show how ill prepared medical professionals are to enact their key role in the comprehensive care for people affected by domestic violence. They show a high readiness to address those affected, but estimate their professional contacts to such cases to be rare. They are unhappy with their ability to help, while having only incomplete or even poor familiarity with informational material and counseling facilities. The project HEH addressed the obvious need for raising awareness and imparting information. The surveys clearly demonstrated that offering training modules had a positive effect. However, more continued education is needed in the long run. Fortunately, there is a high interest in such training. The surveys revealed suggestions for educational subjects and formats.:1 EINLEITUNG 1 2 HINTERGRUND: HÄUSLICHE GEWALT UND GESUNDHEITSWESEN 3 2.1 Politische Relevanz 3 2.2 Definition: HĂ€usliche Gewalt 4 2.3 Art der Gewalttaten bei hĂ€uslicher Gewalt 4 2.4 PrĂ€valenz hĂ€uslicher Gewalt 5 2.5 PrĂ€valenz hĂ€uslicher Gewalt in Sachsen 7 2.6 Gesundheitliche Folgen hĂ€uslicher Gewalt 9 2.7 Schlüsselstelle Gesundheitswesen 11 2.8 Netzwerke zur BekĂ€mpfung hĂ€uslicher Gewalt 11 2.9 EuropĂ€ische Interventionsprojekte zu hĂ€uslicher Gewalt 12 2.10 Interventionsprojekte zu hĂ€uslicher Gewalt im Gesundheitswesen in Deutschland 13 2.11 Maßnahmen zum Thema hĂ€usliche Gewalt im sĂ€chsischen Gesundheitswesen 15 2.12 Maßnahmen zum Thema hĂ€usliche Gewalt in der Stadt Dresden 17 3 PROJEKT „HINSEHEN-ERKENNEN-HANDELN“ (HEH) 18 3.1 Strategisches Vorgehen 18 3.2 Digitale Verfügbarkeit der Materialien 21 3.3 Fortbildungsformate 21 3.4 Prozessbegleitung und Evaluation der Veranstaltungen 24 3.5 Fachveranstaltung und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit 25 3.6 Zielstellung: Befragungen medizinischer FachkrĂ€fte 26 4 METHODEN 27 4.1 Befragung von FachkrĂ€ften im Gesundheitswesen im Jahr 2009 28 4.2 Re-Befragung von FachkrĂ€ften im Jahr 2010 34 4.3 Vergleich Befragung Dresden-Chemnitz 2009 und Re-Befragung 2010 36 4.4 Befragung von (Zahn-)Ärztinnen und (Zahn-)Ärzten Sachsen im Jahr 2015 37 4.5 Statistik 42 5 ERGEBNISSE 44 5.1 Ergebnisse Befragung im Jahr 2009 44 5.2 Ergebnisse Re-Befragung FachkrĂ€fte im Jahr 2010 59 5.3 Ergebnisse Befragung im Jahr 2015 71 5.4 Befragungsergebnisse im Vergleich 83 6 DISKUSSION 98 6.1 Hauptergebnisse aus den Fragebogenuntersuchungen 98 6.2 Limitationen und StĂ€rken der Untersuchungen 102 6.3 Klinische Implikationen und Konsequenzen für die politische Willensbildung 104 6.4 Fazit 108 7 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 110 8 LITERATUR 117 9 TABELLEN 123 10 ABBILDUNGEN 125 11 ABKÜRZUNGEN 129 12 ANHANG 129 13 DANKSAGUNG 155 14 ERKLÄRUNGEN ZUR ERÖFFNUNG DES PROMOTIONSVERFAHRENS 156 15 ERKLÄRUNG ZUR EINHALTUNG RECHTLICHER VORSCHRIFTEN 15

    Women with a History of Childhood Maltreatment Exhibit more Activation in Association Areas Following Non-Traumatic Olfactory Stimuli: A fMRI Study

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    Background: The aim of this study was investigating how women with a history of childhood maltreatment (CM) process non-threatening and non-trauma related olfactory stimuli. The focus on olfactory perception is based on the overlap of brain areas often proposed to be affected in CM patients and the projection areas of the olfactory system, including the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, insula and hippocampus. Methods: Twelve women with CM and 10 controls participated in the study. All participants were, or have been, patients in a psychosomatic clinic. Participants underwent a fMRI investigation during olfactory stimulation with a neutral (coffee) and a pleasant (peach) odor. Furthermore, odor threshold and odor identification (Sniffin ’ Sticks) were tested. Principal Findings: Both groups showed normal activation in the olfactory projection areas. However, in the CM-group we found additionally enhanced activation in multiple, mainly neocortical, areas that are part of those involved in associative networks. These include the precentral frontal lobe, inferior and middle frontal structures, posterior parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and the posterior cingulate cortex. Conclusions: The results indicate that in this group of patients, CM was associated with an altered processing of olfactory stimuli, but not development of a functional olfactory deficit. This complements other studies on CM insofar as we found th

    Trauma-related dissociation and the autonomic nervous system::a systematic literature review of psychophysiological correlates of dissociative experiencing in PTSD patients

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    Background: Neurophysiological models link dissociation (e.g. feeling detached during or after a traumatic event) to hypoarousal. It is currently assumed that the initial passive reaction to a threat may coincide with a blunted autonomic response, which constitutes the dissociative subtype of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objective: Within this systematic review we summarize research which evaluates autonomic nervous system activation (e.g. heart rate, blood pressure) and dissociation in PTSD patients to discern the validity of current neurophysiological models of trauma-related hypoarousal. Method: Of 553 screened articles, 28 studies (N = 1300 subjects) investigating the physiological response to stress provocation or trauma-related interventions were included in the final analysis. Results: No clear trend exists across all measured physiological markers in trauma-related dissociation. Extracted results are inconsistent, in part due to high heterogeneity in experimental methodology. Conclusion: The current review is unable to provide robust evidence that peri- and post-traumatic dissociation are associated with hypoarousal, questioning the validity of distinct psychophysiological profiles in PTSD

    The German version of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): psychometric properties and diagnostic utility

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    Background: The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist (PCL, now PCL-5) has recently been revised to reflect the new diagnostic criteria of the disorder. Methods: A clinical sample of trauma-exposed individuals (N = 352) was assessed with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) and the PCL-5. Internal consistencies and test-retest reliability were computed. To investigate diagnostic accuracy, we calculated receiver operating curves. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were performed to analyze the structural validity. Results: Results showed high internal consistency (α = .95), high test-retest reliability (r = .91) and a high correlation with the total severity score of the CAPS-5, r = .77. In addition, the recommended cutoff of 33 on the PCL-5 showed high diagnostic accuracy when compared to the diagnosis established by the CAPS-5. CFAs comparing the DSM-5 model with alternative models (the three-factor solution, the dysphoria, anhedonia, externalizing behavior and hybrid model) to account for the structural validity of the PCL-5 remained inconclusive. Conclusions: Overall, the findings show that the German PCL-5 is a reliable instrument with good diagnostic accuracy. However, more research evaluating the underlying factor structure is needed

    factor structure and symptom profiles

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    Background: The proposed ICD-11 criteria for trauma-related disorders define posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (cPTSD) as separate disorders. Results of previous studies support the validity of this concept. However, due to limitations of existing studies (e.g. homogeneity of the samples), the present study aimed to test the construct validity and factor structure of cPTSD and its distinction from PTSD using a heterogeneous trauma-exposed sample. Method: Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted to explore the factor structure of the proposed ICD-11 cPTSD diagnosis in a sample of 341 trauma-exposed adults (n = 191 female, M = 37.42 years, SD = 12.04). In a next step, latent profile analyses (LPAs) were employed to evaluate predominant symptom profiles of cPTSD symptoms. Results: The results of the CFA showed that a six-factor structure (i.e. symptoms of intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal and symptoms of affective dysregulation, negative self-concept, and interpersonal problems) fits the data best. According to LPA, a four-class solution optimally characterizes the data. Class 1 represents moderate PTSD and low symptoms in the specific cPTSD clusters (PTSD group, 30.4%). Class 2 showed low symptom severity in all six clusters (low symptoms group, 24.1%). Classes 3 and 4 both exhibited cPTSD symptoms but differed with respect to the symptom severity (Class 3: cPTSD, 34.9% and Class 4: severe cPTSD, 10.6%). Conclusions: The findings replicate previous studies supporting the proposed factor structure of cPTSD in ICD-11. Additionally, the results support the validity and usefulness of conceptualizing PTSD and cPTSD as discrete mental disorders

    Confirmatory factor analysis of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5) based on DSM-5 vs. ICD-11 criteria

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    Introduction Many studies have investigated the latent structure of the DSM-5 criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, most research on this topic was based on self-report data. We aimed to investigate the latent structure of PTSD based on a clinical interview, the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5). Method A clinical sample of 345 participants took part in this multi-centre study. Participants were assessed with the CAPS-5 and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5). We evaluated eight competing models of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms and three competing models of ICD-11 PTSD symptoms. Results The internal consistency of the CAPS-5 was replicated. In CFAs, the Anhedonia model emerged as the best fitting model within all tested DSM-5 models. However, when compared with the Anhedonia model, the non-nested ICD-11 model as a less complex three-factor solution showed better model fit indices. Discussion We discuss the findings in the context of earlier empirical findings as well as theoretical models of PTSD

    Changes in Prevalence and Severity of Domestic Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic:A Systematic Review

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    Background: To contain the spread of COVID-19, governmental measures were implemented in many countries. Initial evidence suggests that women and men experience increased anger and aggression during COVID-19 lockdowns. Not surprisingly, media reports and initial empirical evidence highlight an increased risk for domestic violence (DV) during the pandemic. Nonetheless, a systematic review of studies utilizing participants' reports of potential changes in DV prevalence and severity during the pandemic as compared to pre-pandemic times is needed.Objective: To examine empirical, peer-reviewed studies, pertaining to the potential change in prevalence and severity of different types of DV during the COVID-19 pandemic, as reported by study participants.Data Sources: Electronic EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL searches were conducted for the period between 2020 and January 5, 2022. References of eligible studies were integrated by using a snowballing technique.Study Selection: A total of 22 primary, empirical, peer-reviewed studies published in English or German were included.Results: Of the 22 studies, 19 were cross-sectional whereas 3 included both pre-pandemic and during pandemic assessments. Data synthesis indicates that severity of all types of DV as well as the prevalence of psychological/emotional and sexual DV increased for a significant number of victims in the general population during the pandemic. Evidence for changes in prevalence regarding economic/financial, physical, and overall DV remains inconclusive. There was considerable between-study variation in reported prevalence depending on region, sample size, assessment time, and measure.Conclusions: Data synthesis partly supports the previously documented increase in DV. Governmental measures should consider the availability of easily accessible, anonymous resources. Awareness and knowledge regarding DV need to be distributed to improve resources and clinical interventions

    changes in PTSD prevalence in military personnel

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    Background: Recently, changes have been introduced to the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Objectives: This study investigated the effect of the diagnostic changes made from DSM-IV to DSM-5 and from ICD-10 to the proposed ICD-11. The concordance of provisional PTSD prevalence between the diagnostic criteria was examined in a convenience sample of 100 members of the German Armed Forces. Method: Based on questionnaire measurements, provisional PTSD prevalence was assessed according to DSM-IV, DSM-5, ICD-10, and proposed ICD-11 criteria. Consistency of the diagnostic status across the diagnostic systems was statistically evaluated. Results: Provisional PTSD prevalence was the same for DSM-IV and DSM-5 (both 56%) and comparable under DSM-5 versus ICD-11 proposal (48%). Agreement between DSM-IV and DSM-5, and between DSM-5 and the proposed ICD-11, was high (both p < .001). Provisional PTSD prevalence was significantly increased under ICD-11 proposal compared to ICD-10 (30%) which was mainly due to the deletion of the time criterion. Agreement between ICD-10 and the proposed ICD-11 was low (p = .014). Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence for a satisfactory concordance between provisional PTSD prevalence based on the diagnostic criteria for PTSD that are defined using DSM-IV, DSM-5, and proposed ICD-11. This supports the assumption of a set of PTSD core symptoms as suggested in the ICD-11 proposal, when at the same time a satisfactory concordance between ICD-11 proposal and DSM was given. The finding of increased provisional PTSD prevalence under ICD-11 proposal in contrast to ICD-10 can be of guidance for future epidemiological research on PTSD prevalence, especially concerning further investigations on the impact, appropriateness, and usefulness of the time criterion included in ICD-10 versus the consequences of its deletion as proposed for ICD-11

    The dissociative subtype of PTSD in trauma-exposed individuals: a latent class analysis and examination of clinical covariates

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    Background A dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder (D-PTSD) was introduced into the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) but latent profiles and clinical correlates of D-PTSD remain controversial. Objective The aims of our study were to identify subgroups of individuals with distinct patterns of PTSD symptoms, including dissociative symptoms, by means of latent class analyses (LCA), to compare these results with the categorization of D-PTSD vs. PTSD without dissociative features according to the CAPS-5 interview, and to explore whether D-PTSD is associated with higher PTSD severity, difficulties in emotion regulation, and depressive symptoms. Method A German sample of treatment-seeking individuals was investigated (N = 352). We conducted an LCA on the basis of symptoms of PTSD and dissociation as assessed by the CAPS-5. Moreover, severity of PTSD (PCL-5), difficulties in emotion regulation (DERS), and depressive symptoms (BDI-II) were compared between patients with D-PTSD according to the CAPS-5 interview and patients without dissociative symptoms. Results LCA results suggested a 5-class model with one subgroup showing the highest probability to fulfill criteria for the dissociative subtype and high scores on both BDI and DERS. Significantly higher scores on the DERS, BDI and PCL-5 were found in the D-PTSD group diagnosed with the CAPS-5 (n = 75; 35.7%). Sexual trauma was also reported more often by this subgroup. When comparing the dissociative subtype to the LCA results, only a partial overlap could be found. Conclusions Our findings suggest that patients with D-PTSD have significantly more problems with emotion regulation, more depressive symptoms, and more severe PTSD-symptoms. Given the results of our LCA, we conclude that the dissociative subtype seems to be more complex than D-PTSD as diagnosed by means of the CAPS-5
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