Fabrication of High‐Quality Thin Single‐Crystal Diamond Membranes with Low Surface Roughness

Certain aspects before and during the fabrication of single-crystal diamond (SCD) membranes are highlighted, which are decisive to obtain high-quality membranes with low surface roughness values around 0.2 nm on a small area scale. In addition to the requirements for the starting material, including a high planarity and a moderate surface roughness, the importance of cleaning processes to minimize particles and impurities before and during the structuring is emphasized. With the help of a planarization procedure, consisting of a combination of different Ar/Cl$_2$ recipes with low etch rates, surface defects like grooves due to polishing are minimized and smooth surfaces are acquired. Severe micromasking can be prevented by the application of a cyclic Ar/Cl$_2$ + O$_2$ recipe, allowing finally the fabrication of defect-minimized and planarized SCD membranes in the thickness range between few microns and a few hundred nanometers. The high quality of the structured SCD membranes is evidenced with a morphological as well as an optical characterization via fiber-based microcavity measurements

Does adult ADHD interact with COMT val 158 met genotype to influence working memory performance?

Peer reviewedPostprin

Scanning cavity microscopy of a single-crystal diamond membrane

Spin-bearing color centers in the solid state are promising candidates for the realization of quantum networks and distributed quantum computing. A remaining key challenge is their efficient and reliable interfacing to photons. Incorporating minimally processed membranes into open-access microcavities represents a promising route for Purcellenhanced spin-photon interfaces: it enables significant emission enhancement and efficient photon collection, minimizes deteriorating influence on the quantum emitter, and allows for full spatial and spectral tunability, key for controllably addressing suitable emitters with desired optical and spin properties. Here, we study the properties of a high-finesse fiber Fabry-P\'erot microcavity with integrated single-crystal diamond membranes by scanning cavity microscopy. We observe spatially resolved the effects of the diamond-air interface on the cavity mode structure: a strong correlation of the cavity finesse and mode structure with the diamond thickness and surface topography, significant transverse-mode mixing under diamond-like conditions, and mode-character-dependent polarization-mode splitting. Our results reveal the influence of the diamond surface on the achievable Purcell enhancement, which helps to clarify the route towards optimized spin-photon interfaces

Scanning cavity microscopy of a single-crystal diamond membrane

Spin-bearing color centers in the solid state are promising candidates for the realization of quantum networks and distributed quantum computing. A remaining key challenge is their efficient and reliable interfacing to photons. Incorporating minimally processed membranes into open-access microcavities represents a promising route for Purcellenhanced spin-photon interfaces: it enables significant emission enhancement and efficient photon collection, minimizes deteriorating influence on the quantum emitter, and allows for full spatial and spectral tunability, key for controllably addressing suitable emitters with desired optical and spin properties. Here, we study the properties of a high-finesse fiber Fabry-Pérot microcavity with integrated single-crystal diamond membranes by scanning cavity microscopy. We observe spatially resolved the effects of the diamond-air interface on the cavity mode structure: a strong correlation of the cavity finesse and mode structure with the diamond thickness and surface topography, significant transverse-mode mixing under diamond-like conditions, and mode-character-dependent polarization-mode splitting. Our results reveal the influence of the diamond surface on the achievable Purcell enhancement, which helps to clarify the route towards optimized spin-photon interfaces

Fabrication and Characterization of Single-Crystal Diamond Membranes for Quantum Photonics with Tunable Microcavities

The development of quantum technologies is one of the big challenges in modern research. Acrucial component for many applications is an efficient, coherent spin–photon interface, and coupling single-color centers in thin diamond membranes to a microcavity is a promising approach. To structure such micrometer thin single-crystal diamond (SCD) membranes with a good quality, it is important to minimize defects originating from polishing or etching procedures. Here, we report on the fabrication of SCD membranes, with various diameters, exhibiting a low surface roughness down to 0.4 nm on a small area scale, by etching through a diamond bulk mask with angled holes. A significant reduction in pits induced by micromasking and polishing damages was accomplished by the application of alternating Ar/Cl2 + O2 dry etching steps. By a variation of etching parameters regarding the Ar/Cl2 step, an enhanced planarization of the surface was obtained, in particular, for surfaces with a higher initial surface roughness of several nanometers. Furthermore, we present the successful bonding of an SCD membrane via van der Waals forces on a cavity mirror and perform finesse measurements which yielded values between 500 and 5000, depending on the position and hence on the membranethickness. Our results are promising for, e.g., an efficient spin–photon interface

Sympathy for the Devil: A Conservation Strategy for Devil and Manta Rays

Background  International trade for luxury products, medicines, and tonics poses a threat to both terrestrial and marine wildlife. The demand for and consumption of gill plates (known as Peng Yu Sai, “Fish Gill of Mobulid Ray”) from devil and manta rays (subfamily Mobulinae, collectively referred to as mobulids) poses a significant threat to these marine fishes because of their extremely low productivity. The demand for these gill plates has driven an international trade supplied by largely unmonitored and unregulated catches from target and incidental fisheries around the world. Scientific research, conservation campaigns, and legal protections for devil rays have lagged behind those for manta rays despite similar threats across all mobulids. Methods  To investigate the difference in attention given to devil rays and manta rays, we examined trends in the scientific literature and updated species distribution maps for all mobulids. Using available information on target and incidental fisheries, and gathering information on fishing and trade regulations (at international, national, and territorial levels), we examined how threats and protective measures overlap with species distribution. We then used a species conservation planning approach to develop the Global Devil and Manta Ray Conservation Strategy, specifying a vision, goals, objectives, and actions to advance the knowledge and protection of both devil and manta rays. Results and Discussion  Our literature review revealed that there had been nearly 2.5-times more “manta”-titled publications, than “mobula” or “devil ray”-titled publications over the past 4.5 years (January 2012–June 2016). The majority of these recent publications were reports on occurrence of mobulid species. These publications contributed to updated Area of Occupancy and Extent of Occurrence maps which showed expanded distributions for most mobulid species and overlap between the two genera. While several international protections have recently expanded to include all mobulids, there remains a greater number of national, state, and territory-level protections for manta rays compared to devil rays. We hypothesize that there are fewer scientific publications and regulatory protections for devil rays due primarily to perceptions of charisma that favour manta rays. We suggest that the well-established species conservation framework used here offers an objective solution to close this gap. To advance the goals of the conservation strategy we highlight opportunities for parity in protection and suggest solutions to help reduce target and bycatch fisheries

Fabrication and Characterization of Single-Crystal Diamond Membranes for Quantum Photonics with Tunable Microcavities

The development of quantum technologies is one of the big challenges in modern research. A crucial component for many applications is an efficient, coherent spin–photon interface, and coupling single-color centers in thin diamond membranes to a microcavity is a promising approach. To structure such micrometer thin single-crystal diamond (SCD) membranes with a good quality, it is important to minimize defects originating from polishing or etching procedures. Here, we report on the fabrication of SCD membranes, with various diameters, exhibiting a low surface roughness down to 0.4 nm on a small area scale, by etching through a diamond bulk mask with angled holes. A significant reduction in pits induced by micromasking and polishing damages was accomplished by the application of alternating Ar/Cl2 + O2 dry etching steps. By a variation of etching parameters regarding the Ar/Cl2 step, an enhanced planarization of the surface was obtained, in particular, for surfaces with a higher initial surface roughness of several nanometers. Furthermore, we present the successful bonding of an SCD membrane via van der Waals forces on a cavity mirror and perform finesse measurements which yielded values between 500 and 5000, depending on the position and hence on the membrane thickness. Our results are promising for, e.g., an efficient spin–photon interface

Stathmin and Cluster C personality disorders, panic disorder and agoraphobia

Es wurde bereits mehrfach vermutet, dass das auf dem Chromosomabschnitt 1p36.11 lokalisierte Stathmin-Gen, welches durch seine Funktion als Regulator der Mikrotubulidynamik für die neuronale Plastizität bei Vertebraten eine entscheidende Rolle spielt, für die Angstentstehung von essentieller Bedeutung sein könnte. Zum einen wurde von Shumyatsky und Kollegen der Befund erbracht, dass Stathmin-defiziente Mäuse weder angeborene noch erlernte Furcht zeigten. Zum anderen konnten Brocke und Mitarbeiter für gesunde Probanden nachweisen, dass zwei Promotor-SNPs rs182455 und rs213641 mit der Induktion von Angst und psychosozialem Stress assoziiert sind. Aus diesen Gründen, die Stathmin zu einem ausgezeichneten Kandidatengen für angstrelevante Erkrankungen machen, wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine Fall-Kontroll-Studie durchgeführt, die den oben genannten rs182455 und einen neu identifizierten Promotor-Polymorphismus in Form eines STR-Bereichs analysierte. Das untersuchte Patientenkollektiv bestand aus 642 Patienten mit Persönlichkeitsstörungen, von denen 115 eine „ängstliche“ Cluster C Persönlichkeitsstörung aufwiesen. Des Weiteren wurden 239 Patienten mit einer Panikstörung und komorbider Agoraphobie und eine Kontrollgruppe aus 239 gesunden Blutspendern analysiert. Methodisch wurde hierbei zunächst eine Sequenzierung des Stathmin-Gens zur genaueren Analyse des STR-Bereichs durchgeführt. Die Genotypisierung des STR-Bereichs erfolgte anschließend mit Hilfe drei verschiedener PCR-Ansätze und einer Kapillar-Gelelektrophorese. Die Genotypisierung des rs182455 wurde mittels PCR, einem nachfolgenden Restriktionsverdau und einer Gelelektrophorese durchgeführt. Abschließend wurden die Allelfrequenzen des rs182455 und des STR-Bereichs auf eine mögliche Assoziation mit Persönlichkeitseigenschaften, Persönlichkeitsstörungen und Panikstörung und Agoraphobie statistisch untersucht. Die in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Assoziationsanalysen von rs182455 zeigen zum einen eine signifikante Assoziation mit der TPQ Dimension „reward dependence“ (p=0,009), insbesondere mit der Subskala „Bindung“, mit der NEO-PI-R Dimension Extraversion (p=0,035), insbesondere mit den Facetten „Wärme“ und „Geselligkeit/Zusammenleben“. Bezüglich der NEO-PI-R Dimension Neurotizismus ergab sich bei geschlechtsgetrennten Analysen eine signifikante Assoziation für die Facette „Ängstlichkeit“ bei Frauen (p=0,026). Zum anderen wurde bei geschlechtsgetrennten Analysen eine signifikante Assoziation mit Cluster C Persönlichkeitsstörungen bei weiblichen Patienten (p=0,025) nachgewiesen. Darüber hinaus zeigte sich eine signifikante Assoziation des rs182455 mit der Panikstörung, wobei diese Assoziation insbesondere auf die Patienten mit Agoraphobie zurückzuführen ist (p=0,041). Die Assoziationsanalysen des STR-Bereichs, der aus einem ATC-Insertionspolymorphismus und einer TAA-Trinukleotidwiederholung besteht, ergaben bezüglich der NEO-PI-R Dimension Neurotizismus im Hinblick auf die Facette „Ängstlichkeit“ ebenfalls eine signifikante Assoziation (p=0,011) mit dem ATC-Insertionspolymorphismus. Im Hinblick auf Cluster C Persönlichkeitsstörungen zeigte sich bei geschlechtsgetrennten Analysen eine signifikante Assoziation des ATC-Insertionspolymorphismus (p=0,019) bei weiblichen Patienten und eine signifikante Assoziation mit der Trinukleotid-Wiederholung TAA (p=0,031). Bezüglich des ATC-Insertionspolymorphismus wurde darüber hinaus eine signifikante Assoziation des STR-Bereichs mit der Panikstörung (p=0,020) und komorbider Agoraphobie (p=0,024) nachgewiesen. Diese Resultate bestätigen die Annahme, dass dem Stathmin-Gen für die Angstentstehung und für die Genese angstrelevanter Erkrankungen möglicherweise eine Bedeutung zukommt. Die Assoziation mit den Persönlichkeitseigenschaften „Ängstlichkeit“, „Bindung“, „Wärme“ und „Geselligkeit/Zusammenleben“, die eventuell als maternale Eigenschaften gewertet werden können, entspricht ebenfalls dem Modell der Stathmin-defizienten Maus, da außer dem Nichtvorhandensein angeborener oder erlernter Furcht weibliche Stathmin-defiziente Mäuse die Aufzucht der Jungtiere vernachlässigen. Dies könnte auch eine mögliche Erklärung für den Geschlechtereffekt im Sinne einer Frauenwendigkeit darstellen, der sich insbesondere für die genannten Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und für die Cluster C Persönlichkeitsstörungen, aber auch für die Panikstörung und Agoraphobie detektieren ließ. Zusammenfassend sprechen diese Daten für die Hypothese, dass es sich bei Stathmin um ein geschlechtsspezifisches Suszeptibiltätsgen für Cluster C Persönlichkeitsstörungen und die Panikstörung und Agoraphobie handelt.Stathmin, a gene located on chromosome 1p36.11 and enriched in the amygdala, seems to control learned and innate fear and to play also a role in maternal behaviours in mice. Two recent studies argued for stathmin as a regulator of affective control processes and especially anxiety processing in humans. A case-control study of one of these SNPs (rs182455) as well as another polymorphism in the transcriptional control region of stathmin was conducted in 642 patients with personality disorders, 115 of them suffered from Cluster C personality disorders, in 239 patients suffering from panic disorder and agoraphobia and in 239 controls. Both promoter polymorphisms were specifically and significantly associated with panic disorder and agoraphobia as well as with Cluster C personality disorders, however the rs182455 only yielded a significant association within the female subsample. Furthermore both polymorphisms were significantly associated with the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) neuroticism facet “anxiety” and the rs182455 again only yielded a significant association within the female subsample. Rs182455 also showed a significant association with the NEO-PI-R dimension “extraversion” and especially with the facets “warmth” and “gregariousness” and the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) dimension “reward dependence” especially with the subscale “attachment”. The stathmin variation is associated with Cluster C personality disorders and “anxiety” as well as with “warmth”, “gregariousness” and “attachment”, which may be considered as maternal traits. All the results showed a gender effect, some even only yielded significant results in the female subsample. In conclusion stathmin may constitute a susceptibility gene with a gender effect for panic disorder and agoraphobia and for Cluster C personality disorders