Öko-Landbau-Forschung in Deutschland

Forschung zum ökologischen Landbau hat in Deutschland eine lange Tradition, die bis in die Zwanzigerjahre des letzten Jahrhunderts zurückreicht. Damals begannen die ersten – meist biologisch-dynamischen – Pioniere, auf ihren Höfen Versuche anzustellen. Das 1950 gegründete Institut für biologisch-dynamische Forschung (IBDF) war weltweit eines der ersten privaten Forschungsinstitute.Auch der erste Lehrstuhl für ökologischen Landbau entstand in Deutschland, wo es bis heute mehr einschlägige Professuren gibt als in anderen Ländern. Mit der Wissenschaftstagung der Stiftung Ökologie & Landbau (SÖL) wird seit Beginn der Neunzigerjahre regelmäßig der Stand der Öko-Landbau-Forschung dokumentiert. Ab Mitte der Neunzigerjahre wurden im Rahmen von EU-Projekten die Kontakte zu Forscherkollegen außerhalb Deutschlands intensiviert. Auch einige Einrichtungen der Ressortforschung öffneten sich dem ökologischen Landbau. Großen Aufschwung erhielt die Öko-Landbau-Forschung mit der Forschungsförderung im Rahmen des Bundesprogramms Ökologischer Landbau

Kommunikation von Forschungsergebnissen deutschlandweit und international: forschung.oekolandbau.de und orgprints.org

The website forschung.oekolandbau.de is an information platform for all players in organic agriculture research in Germany and beyond, providing news and information on events, links, addresses and a newsletter. The platform is used to publish all research results achieved in the German Federal Organic Farming Scheme. The website is linked to the international open access archive Organic Eprints (orgprints.org), in which authors and institutions document publications related to organic farming research. Organic Eprints is increasingly used by the international research community as a communication tool, thus providing the basis for research coordination

Health-related preferences of older patients with multimorbidity: the protocol for an evidence map

Introduction: Interaction of conditions and treatments, complicated care needs and substantial treatment burden make patient–physician encounters involving multimorbid older patients highly complex. To optimally integrate patients’ preferences, define and prioritise realistic treatment goals and individualise care, a patient-centred approach is recommended. However, the preferences of older patients, who are especially vulnerable and frequently multimorbid, have not been systematically investigated with regard to their health status. The purpose of this evidence map is to explore current research addressing health-related preferences of older patients with multimorbidity, and to identify the knowledge clusters and research gaps. Methods and analysis: To identify relevant research, we will conduct searches in the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX, CINAHL, Social Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index Expanded and the Cochrane library from their inception. We will check reference lists of relevant articles and carry out cited reference research (forward citation tracking). Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts, check full texts for eligibility and extract the data. Any disagreement will be resolved and consensus reached with the help of a third reviewer. We will include both qualitative and quantitative studies, and address preferences from the patients’ perspectives in a multimorbid population of 60 years or older. There will be no restrictions on the publication language. Data extraction tables will present study and patient characteristics, aim of study, methods used to identify preferences and outcomes (ie, type of preferences). We will summarise the data using tables and figures (ie, bubble plot) to present the research landscape and to describe clusters and gaps. Ethics and dissemination: Due to the nature of the proposed evidence map, ethics approval will not be required. Results from our research will be disseminated by means of specifically prepared materials for patients, at relevant (inter)national conferences and via publication in peer-reviewed journals

Pilot study: potential transcription markers for adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in whole blood

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common behavioural disorder that affects not only children and adolescents but also adults; however, diagnosis of adult ADHD is difficult because patients seem to have reduced externalized behaviour. ADHD is a multifactorial disorder in which many genes, all with small effects, are thought to cause the disorder in the presence of unfavourable environmental conditions. Therefore, in this pilot study, we explored the expression profile of a list of previously established candidate genes in peripheral blood samples from adult ADHD subjects (n=108) and compared these results with those of healthy controls (n=35). We demonstrate that combining the gene expression levels of dopamine transporter (SLC6A3), dopamine D5 receptor, tryptophan hydroxylase-1, and SNAP25 as predictors in a regression model resulted in sensitivity and specificity of over 80% (ROC: max R 2=0.587, AUC=0.917, P<0.001, 95% CI: 0.900-0.985). In conclusion, the combination of these four genes could represent a potential method for estimating risk and could be of diagnostic value for ADHD. Nevertheless, further investigation in a larger independent population including different subtypes of ADHD (inattentive, hyperactive, or combined type) patients is required to obtain more specific sets of biomarkers for each subtype as well as to differentiate between child, adolescent, and adulthood form

Porosity Engineering of Dried Smart Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels for Gas Sensing

A recent study unveiled the potential of acrylamide-based stimulus-responsive hydrogels for volatile organic compound detection in gaseous environments. However, for gas sensing, a large surface area, that is, a highly porous material, offering many adsorption sites is crucial. The large humidity variation in the gaseous environment constitutes a significant challenge for preserving an initially porous structure, as the pores tend to be unstable and irreversibly collapse. Therefore, the present investigation focuses on enhancing the porosity of smart PNiPAAm hydrogels under the conditions of a gaseous environment and the preservation of the structural integrity for long-term use. We have studied the influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a porogen and the application of different drying methods and posttreatment. The investigations lead to the conclusion that only the combination of PEG addition, freeze-drying, and subsequent conditioning in high relative humidity enables a long-term stable formation of a porous surface and inner structure of the material. The significantly enhanced swelling response in a gaseous environment and in the test gas acetone is confirmed by gravimetric experiments of bulk samples and continuous measurements of thin films on piezoresistive pressure sensor chips. These measurements are furthermore complemented by an in-depth analysis of the morphology and microstructure. While the study was conducted for PNiPAAm, the insights and developed processes are general in nature and can be applied for porosity engineering of other smart hydrogel materials for VOC detection in gaseous environments

A Comparative Analysis of Case Studies from the Old World

The present contribution deals with the concepts of marginal habitats in selected regions of the ancient world, ranging from modern Spain to the Jordanian desert and from Turkey to the Ethiopian highlands. Central to this research is the hypothesis that the occupation of areas beyond the ‘normal’ settlement patterns corresponds to colonization processes which reflect specific social strategies and may have stimulated the development of new technological skills. A review of ‘marginality’ research in various disciplines indicates that there is no comprehensive definition of the concept, which can be approached from a multitude of perspectives and with manifold objectives. A survey of the eight case studies and two more in-depth discussions of the sites of Musawwarat (Sudan) and Ayamonte (Spain) highlight the potentials as well as the limits of the archaeological investigation into past marginalities. Patterns of spatial marginalization are the easiest to detect. The studies also show that we must not limit our analysis to the adverse factors connected to different kinds of marginalities. Instead, our analyses suggest that spatially marginal areas were deliberately chosen for settlement – an integration with core-periphery approaches may help us to understand these scenarios, which have received little attention in ‘marginality’ research in archaeology or elsewhere so far

Killer-like receptors and GPR56 progressive expression defines cytokine production of human CD4+ memory T cells

All memory T cells mount an accelerated response on antigen reencounter, but significant functional heterogeneity is present within the respective memory T-cell subsets as defined by CCR7 and CD45RA expression, thereby warranting further stratification. Here we show that several surface markers, including KLRB1, KLRG1, GPR56, and KLRF1, help define low, high, or exhausted cytokine producers within human peripheral and intrahepatic CD4+ memory T-cell populations. Highest simultaneous production of TNF and IFN-γ is observed in KLRB1+KLRG1+GPR56+ CD4 T cells. By contrast, KLRF1 expression is associated with T-cell exhaustion and reduced TNF/IFN-γ production. Lastly, TCRβ repertoire analysis and in vitro differentiation support a regulated, progressive expression for these markers during CD4+ memory T-cell differentiation. Our results thus help refine the classification of human memory T cells to provide insights on inflammatory disease progression and immunotherapy development

Employing electro-mechanical analogies for co-resonantly coupled cantilever sensors

Understanding the behaviour of mechanical systems can be facilitated and improved by employing electro-mechanical analogies. These analogies enable the use of network analysis tools as well as purely analytical treatment of the mechanical system translated into an electric circuit. Recently, we developed a novel kind of sensor set-up based on two coupled cantilever beams with matched resonance frequencies (co-resonant coupling) and possible applications in magnetic force microscopy and cantilever magnetometry. In order to analyse the sensor's behaviour in detail, we describe it as an electric circuit model. Starting from a simplified coupled harmonic oscillator model with neglected damping, we gradually increase the complexity of the system by adding damping and interaction elements. For each stage, various features of the coupled system are discussed and compared to measured data obtained with a co-resonant sensor. Furthermore, we show that the circuit model can be used to derive sensor parameters which are essential for the evaluation of measured data. Finally, the much more complex circuit representation of a bending beam is discussed, revealing that the simplified circuit model of a coupled harmonic oscillator is a very good representation of the sensor system

Shell Disease Syndrome Is Associated with Reduced and Shifted Epibacterial Diversity on the Carapace of the Crustacean Cancer pagurus

Crustaceans increasingly suffer from the black spot shell disease syndrome, which principally results from bacterial breakdown of their chitinous exoskeleton. Since Cancer pagurus is highly susceptible to this disease, we compared the bacterial communities of black spot affected and non-affected areas of the carapace by amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and 16S rRNA. Within each spot, bacterial communities of affected areas were less diverse compared to communities from non-affected areas. Communities of different affected spots were, however, more divergent from each other, compared to those of different nonaffected areas. This indicates a reduced and shifted microbial community composition caused by the black spot disease. Different communities found in black spots likely indicate different stages of the disease. In affected areas, Flavobacteriaceae rose up to one of the most abundant and active families, due to massive increase of Aquimarina spp., suggesting a significant role in shell disease syndrome. We isolated 75 bacterial strains from diseased and healthy areas, which primarily affiliated with Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, thus reflecting the dominant phyla detected by amplicon sequencing. The ability to degrade chitin was mainly found for Gammaproteobacteria and Aquimarina spp. within the Flavobacteriia, while the ability to use N-acetylglucosamine, the monomer of the polysaccharide chitin, was observed for most isolates, including many Alphaproteobacteria. Furthermore, one third of the isolates showed antagonistic properties. The combination of bacterial community analysis and the physiological properties of the isolates provides insights into a functional complex epibacterial community on the carapace of C. pagurus. Importance In recent years, the shell disease syndrome was detected for several ecologically and economically important crustacean species. Large proportions of populations are affected, e.g., >60% of the widely distributed species Cancer pagurus in different North Sea areas. Bacteria play a significant role in the development of different forms of shell disease, all characterized by microbial chitinolytic degradation of the outer shell. By comparing the bacterial communities of healthy and diseased areas of the shell of C. pagurus we could demonstrate that the disease causes a reduced bacterial diversity within affected areas, a phenomenon co-occurring also with many other diseases. Furthermore, the community composition dramatically changed, with some taxa rising to high relative abundances and showing increased activity, indicating a strong participation in shell disease. Characterization of bacterial isolates obtained from affected and non-affected spots provided deeper insights in their physiological properties and thus the possible role within the microbiome