Towards the Future of the Malay Community in Kelantan

The Malay settlement at Kota Bharu is at the brink of disappearance. This paper employed mixed method indulging into the subject of the study. The finding illustrates the withering of Malay community along with the cultural transformation generated by development. The extent of this paper also reveals the life, essence, hopes and aspirations of the Malays in the process of urbanization. It is posited that the process of urbanization also tested the survival of the Malays, and one day the existence of the Malays may be the object of "museumification" in their own country. Keywords:  Kota Bharu; Malay settlement; Malay identity; urbanization eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i19.320

The Impact of Urbanisation and the Changing Environment of the Malay Settlement

It is acknowledged that “architecture is about people, culture, and land. However, the development of urban areas has raised many questions about the urban dream and the notion that it is “paved with gold.” The methodology of the study employs mixed method approach. According to the research, urban development is accelerating exponentially, and urban sprawl has occurred unpredictably, encroaching on traditional settlements. The new development on the outskirts of the old settlement is geared toward middle-income groups and is unattainable for the locals. Although the housing programme has been in place since 1968, it does not demonstrate the government’s total commitment and participation in assisting the Kelantanese urban population. eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under the responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians), and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia

The Malay Settlement: A vanishing world?

Questions have been raised regarding urbanisation, in which the Malay culture is forgotten. This paper uses a mixed-method by way of a case study on the eight Malay settlements in Kota Bharu. Three hundred fifty questionnaires were distributed, while random interviews provided a more precise explanation of the Malay community in the real world. Traditionally, this settlement is inhabited by Malays and is well known for its high culture and architectural values. This study found that urbanisation has critically influenced the culture and identity of Malay communities in their settlements. The loss of the Malay settlements in Kota Bharu led to the loss of the Malay culture and identity in the community. Keywords:  Malay community, Malay settlement, Malay culture, urbanisation eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i20.296

PROVING INTO URBAN LINKAGE THEORY: THE CASE OF INDIA STREET, KUCHING, SARAWAK

The life of the people on the street is governed by the users who are strangers in general. The activities are the central medium that makes the street alive. This simple paper advancing the urban design theory that has been tested and criticized elsewhere. The main figures like Jacobs, Whyte, Seamon and Gehl have used the western plaza and streets to evaluate the success and failure of cities gauging the same theory. With a similar approach, the far-flung India Street of Kuching is examined via its linkage and place theory supported by the existence of primary and secondary use interweaved by cultural events exemplified by the actions in urban space. The direct and participant observation technique is employed, supplemented by maps and photographs to record the inquiry persuasively. It is learned that the accessibility of the user from all directions (connected by short cut path), the diverse activities at every corner of the blocks of shophouses, the continuous flow of the primary and secondary use intertwine in between the main street and lanes support the connectivity of urban linkage in the area. Finally, the urban phenomenon is distinguished from the intertwines of the street user, activities, and physical aspects as well as surrounding buildings with different functions that rendered the happening through the urban scene

Genetic Variation Of Kelampayan (Neolamarckia Cadamba) Trees For Planted Forest Development In Sarawak

Neolamarckia cadamba is now a commercially important plantation species, and is seen slowly but surely replacing other exotic species. Therefore, it is crucial that we have the tools to determine the genetic variation of N. cadamba that occurs in Sarawak, both for natural and planted populations. The objective of this study is to assess the genetic variation of N. cadamba from different areas in Sarawak by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. To date, leaf samples from a total of 162 individual trees have been collected from five populations, namely: Matang, Sabal and Simunjan, Bintulu, Miri and Sibu. Total genomic DNA is isolated from the silicagel‐ preserved leaf samples, and subsequently the isolated DNA is analysed using RAPD technique. The RAPD marker detects DNA variations that result in the loss or gain of DNA fragments at a particular location in the Kelampayan genome. These variations will help us determine genetic relatedness and diversity between different Kelampayan populations. The results of this study will provide a foundation in the selection of plus trees, establishment of forest seed production areas, and subsequently production of high quality seedlings for plantations with all the desirable characteristics in term of growth rate, bole form, wood density and disease resistance

Identification and analysis of expressed sequence tags present in xylem tissues of kelampayan (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser)

The large-scale genomic resource for kelampayan was generated from a developing xylem cDNA library. A total of 6,622 high quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated through high-throughput 5’ EST sequencing of cDNA clones. The ESTs were analyzed and assembled to generate 4,728 xylogenesis unigenes distributed in 2,100 contigs and 2,628 singletons. About 59.3 % of the ESTs were assigned with putative identifications whereas 40.7 % of the sequences showed no significant similarity to any sequences in GenBank. Interestingly, most genes involved in lignin biosynthesis and several other cell wall biosynthesis genes were identified in the kelampayan EST database. The identified genes in this study will be candidates for functional genomics and association genetic studies in kelampayan aiming at the production of high value forests

Applications of Genomics to Plantation Forestry with Kelampayan in Sarawak

Wood-based industries in Sarawak are increasingly encouraged to adapt to " new wood " from planted forests composed of fast-growing species such as Kelampayan with short rotation cycle (6-8 years). The rationale is that natural forests at the most produce about 3m 3 /ha/yr of commercial timber, whereas plantations can produce annually from 10m 3 /ha to 30m 3 /ha of commercial timber. It is estimated at least 30 million seedlings are required for annual planting or reforestation programmes to meet the increasing global demand for raw materials. To date, several molecular genetics studies have been completed for Kelampayan. These include genetic diversity of Kelampayan, genetic marker (SSRs) development, 'Touch-incubate-PCR' approach for preparing plant tissues for high throughput genotyping, and transcriptomics and bioinformatics on wood formation of Kelampayan. This information provides a useful resource for genomic selection of Kelampayan aiming at the production of high value forests for maximum returns

Evaluation of Clustering and Multi-hop Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Sensor Networks

Mobile ad-hoc sensor networks (MASNETs) have promised a wide variety of applications such as military sensor networks to detect and gain as much as possible about enemy movements and explosions. Most of these applications can be deployed either in static or mobile environment. In static WSNs, the change of sensor nodes topology is normally caused by node failure which is due to energy depletion. However, in MASNETs, the main reason of the topology change is caused by the node movement. Since the sensor nodes are limited in power supply and have a low radio frequency coverage, they are easily losing their connection with neighbours and difficult to transmit their packets towards sink node. The reconnection process from one node to another node consumes more energy that related to control packets. One of the techniques to conserve more energy is through topology management using clustering network. A HEED (Hybrid, Energy-Efficient, Distributed) is one of the clustering algorithm for sensor networks. In HEED, a node is elected to become a cluster head based on its residual energy and its communication cost in its neighbourhood. HEED clusters the network in a constant number of iterations, elects cluster heads that are well-distributed in the network, and incurs low message and communication overhead. In this research work, through extensive simulation we evaluated the capability of HEED on how far it can react to network topology change in MASNETs by comparing its performance with Surge multihop routing protocol in both static and mobile environment. We investigated the performance of both HEED and Surge in terms of the average percentage of packet loss and the average total energy consumption with various simulation times. From the detailed simulation results and analysis, HEED performs better than Surge in term of energy consumption in static network, but not performs as expected in mobile environment

Development and polymorphism of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in Kelampayan (Neolamarckia cadamba–Rubiaceae) using ISSR suppression PCR method

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based marker system which has become a marker of choice for understanding plant genetic diversity and a powerful tool in addressing genetic resources questions. However, the availability of SSR markers especially for forest tree species is limited thus far due to the high development cost, labour-intensive and time-consuming. The present study aimed to develop an array of SSR markers for Neolamarckia cadamba using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) suppression PCR method and further assessed the polymorphisms and transferability of the markers to other species.In total, 15 out of 31 SSR markers specific for N.cadamba were successfully developed and further characterized and validated by using 30 individuals of N. cadamba. The markers exhibited a considerable high level of polymorphism across the tested N. cadamba genotypes whereby 66 alleles were detected with an average of four alleles per locus. Most of the SSRloci analyzed showed high polymorphism as indicated by their PIC value which was above 0.5. The most polymorphic lociwere: NCAC11 (PIC=0.849), NCAC12 (PIC=0.722) and NCAG01 (PIC=0.712).The transferability rate was ranging from 26.7% to 73.3% among the four cross-genera species tested. The present study is the first report on the development of SSR markers in N. cadamba. These markers provide valuable genomic resources that could pave the way for exploiting SSR genotype data for effective selection of plus trees, provenance trials and establishment of forest seed production areas (SPAs) of N. cadamba in the selected forest areas dedicated to planted forest development, and molecular breeding of N. cadamba and other indigenous tropical tree species in future

Development and polymorphism of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in Kelampayan(Neolamarckia cadamba–Rubiaceae) using ISSR suppression PCR method

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based marker system which has become a marker of choice for understanding plant genetic diversity and a powerful tool in addressing genetic resources questions. However, the availability of SSR markers especially for forest tree species is limited thus far due to the high development cost, labour-intensive and time-consuming. The present study aimed to develop an array of SSR markers for Neolamarckia cadamba using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) suppression PCR method and further assessed the polymorphisms and transferability of the markers to other species.In total, 15 out of 31 SSR markers specific for N.cadamba were successfully developed and further characterized and validated by using 30 individuals of N. cadamba. The markers exhibited a considerable high level of polymorphism across the tested N. cadamba genotypes whereby 66 alleles were detected with an average of four alleles per locus. Most of the SSRloci analyzed showed high polymorphism as indicated by their PIC value which was above 0.5. The most polymorphic lociwere: NCAC11 (PIC=0.849), NCAC12 (PIC=0.722) and NCAG01 (PIC=0.712).The transferability rate was ranging from 26.7% to 73.3% among the four cross-genera species tested. The present study is the first report on the development of SSR markers in N. cadamba. These markers provide valuable genomic resources that could pave the way for exploiting SSR genotype data for effective selection of plus trees, provenance trials and establishment of forest seed production areas (SPAs) of N. cadamba in the selected forest areas dedicated to planted forest development, and molecular breeding of N. cadamba and other indigenous tropical tree species in future