La Evolución histórica y jurídica de la figura del defensor del vínculo en los procesos declarativos de nulidad matrimonial

Este trabajo comprende un estudio de la evolución histórica y jurídica del Derecho procesal y matrimonial canónico con el énfasis en el desarrollo de la figura, de los derechos y obligaciones y la actuación procesal del Defensor del vínculo en los procesos declarativos de la nulidad matrimonial. La intención principal reside en establecer un marco teórico, conceptual y referencial que ayude a entender que la Iglesia desde el principio, en su Derecho procesal canónico, apoya y garantiza a las partes públicas y privadas acceder a su derecho de alcanzar la verdad. El trabajo propone un desarrollo completo de defensa del vínculo matrimonial durante la historia y de la figura del Defensor del vínculo desde la fundación oficial de la figura del Defensor del vínculo creado por el Papa Benedicto XIV en la Constitución Apostólica Dei miseratione (1741) hasta la última reforma del Papa Francisco del año 2016. En ese sentido, la presente tesis ofrece una propuesta pastoral que se presenta como una ayuda para todas las Iglesias particulares, como un sistema preventivo para una mejor preparación y defensa de la dignidad del sacramento del matrimonio. Con diferentes métodos y disciplinas humanísticas este trabajo tiene como fin mostrar una perspectiva completa, intentando de esta forma poner la figura del Defensor del vínculo en el lugar que le corresponde en el Derecho matrimonial canónico.RESUMEN............................................................................................................................................I INTRODUCCIÓN ...............................................................................................................................1 CAPÍTULO I........................................................................................................................................6 ORIGEN Y DESARROLLO HISTÓRICO DEL DERECHO PROCESAL CANÓNICO EN LA DEFENSA DEL VÍNCULO MATRIMONIAL (DESDE EL MANDATO DE CRISTO HASTA EL MITIS IUDEX DOMINUS IESUS) ......................................................................................................6 1. El desarrollo histórico del Derecho Procesal Canónico...............................................................8 1.1. Sagrada Escritura ................................................................................................................10 1.2. Iglesia Primitiva ..................................................................................................................13 1.3. La “Episcopalis Audientia”................................................................................................14 1.4. El Proceso en la Edad Media ..............................................................................................16 1.5. La Reforma Tridentina........................................................................................................19 1.6. Las Innovaciones del Benedicto XIV (1741)......................................................................20 1.7. La Primera Codificación .....................................................................................................21 1.8. La Instrucción Provida Mater Ecclesia ..............................................................................23 1.9. El Concilio Vaticano II y las Normas Post-Conciliares......................................................25 1.10. El CIC de 1983..................................................................................................................26 1.11. La Dignitatis Connubii......................................................................................................29 1.12. Motu Propio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus...........................................................................30 2. Derecho sustantivo y procesal aplicable en las causas canónicas de nulidad matrimonial .......31 2.1. ¿Procesos de nulidad del matrimonio canónico o procesos canónicos de nulidad de matrimonio? ...............................................................................................................................37 2.2. ¿Declaración de nulidad o disolución del matrimonio?......................................................38 2.3. ¿Proceso judicial o procedimiento administrativo para la declaración de nulidad? ...........39 3. Proceso canónico declarativo de la nulidad matrimonial...........................................................40 3.1. Proceso de nulidad matrimonial ordinario ..........................................................................43 3.2. Proceso documental de nulidad matrimonial......................................................................48 3.3. Proceso brevior (más breve) ante el Obispo – Novedad/Reforma del Papa Francisco ......50 4. Potestad judicial en general; de los Tribunales eclesiásticos, del Defensor del vínculo y los demás miembros de los Tribunales y de las partes públicas y privadas en los procesos canónicos de la nulidad matrimonial ..............................................................................................................52 4.1. De la potestad judicial en general y de los Tribunales........................................................53 4.2. De los ministros del Tribunal..............................................................................................61 4.3. El Vicario judicial, los Vicarios judiciales adjuntos y los demás Jueces............................63 4.4. El Auditor y los Asesores....................................................................................................68 4.5. El Defensor del vínculo y el Promotor de Justicia..............................................................69 4.6. El “moderador de la cancillería del Tribunal” y el notario judicial ....................................74 4.7. Los procuradores y abogados (arts. 101-113 DC) ..............................................................76 4.8. Las Partes en la Causa.........................................................................................................77 CAPÍTULO II. ...................................................................................................................................81 FUNDAMENTACIÓN HISTÓRICA DE LA FIGURA DEL DEFENSOR DEL VÍNCULO.........81 1. Fundamentación Bíblica de la defensa del vínculo matrimonial – precedentes de la defensa del vínculo matrimonial .......................................................................................................................81 1.1. Jesús y el matrimonio – la visión judía y la perfección de la Ley ......................................81 1.2. “Una Caro” y “Lo que Dios unió no lo separe el hombre” (Mt 19, 3-12) .........................84 2. Concilio de Florencia y Concilio de Trento – sus precisiones sobre el sacramento del matrimonio y el vínculo matrimonial canónico .............................................................................87 2.1. Concilio de Florencia (1438-1442).....................................................................................88 2.2. Concilio de Trento (1563; Sesión XXIV)...........................................................................90 3. Constitución Apostólica Dei Miseratione de Benedicto XIV (1741) ........................................95 4. Código Pio-Benedictino (1917) y el desarrollo histórico posterior...........................................98 5. CIC83 y el Motu Proprio Causas Matrimoniales de Pablo VI.................................................103 6. El Defensor del vínculo en el libro De Processibus – reforma del proceso de nulidad matrimonial antes de la promulgación del CIC83 .......................................................................106 7. CIC83 y Dignitas Connubii......................................................................................................113 7.1. El Defensor del vínculo en el CIC83 ................................................................................113 7.2. La Instrucción Dignitas Connubii.....................................................................................119 8. Motu Proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus (MIDI)...................................................................123 a) Una sola sentencia en favor de la nulidad ejecutada............................................................127 b) El juez único bajo la responsabilidad del Obispo................................................................127 c) El mismo Obispo es juez......................................................................................................128 d) El proceso más breve ...........................................................................................................129 e) La apelación a la Sede Metropolitana..................................................................................130 f) La tarea propia de las Conferencias Episcopales .................................................................130 g) La Apelación a la Sede Apostólica......................................................................................131 h) Previsiones para las Iglesias Orientales...............................................................................131 i) El Defensor del vínculo en el MIDI .....................................................................................131 CAPÍTULO III.................................................................................................................................132 ANÁLISIS JURÍDICO DE LA FIGURA DEL DEFENSOR DEL VÍNCULO .............................132 1. Constitución Apostólica Dei Miseratione de Benedicto XIV (1741) ......................................132 2. Rol procesal del Defensor del vínculo en el CIC17 y en las normas posteriores aplicables para el Derecho procesal canónico ......................................................................................................137 3. CIC83 – DC – Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus..............................................................................146 3.1. La labor procesal y canónica del Defensor del vínculo en las causas declarativas de la nulidad matrimonial en el CIC 83 y la DC ..............................................................................146 3.2. Estudio comparativo, jurídico-procesal (CIC 83/DC al MIDI) ........................................150 3.3. El Defensor del vínculo en la en las causas de nulidad matrimonial tras la MIDI...........162 4. Las normas vigentes en el proceso ordinario y actuación del Defensor del vínculo ...............166 4.1. Actuación en la fase introductoria de la causa .................................................................166 4.2. Actuación en la fase probatoria y discusoria ...................................................................168 4.3. Actuación del Defensor del vínculo respecto a la apelación ............................................169 5. Nuevos derechos y obligaciones del Defensor del vínculo y novedades en la actuación del Defensor del vínculo en el proceso Brevior o más breve ante el Obispo ....................................173 6. Pautas para la pastoral matrimonial diocesana y parroquial ....................................................175 CONCLUSIONES ...........................................................................................................................181 SIGLAS Y ABREVIATURAS........................................................................................................185 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .............................................................................................................................187 ÍNDICE GENERAL ........................................................................................................................20

The Markers of Endothelial Activation

Biomarkers are biological indicators of processes that are part of ethiopathogenesis of the diseases, and can, but do not have to be causal to diseases. One very important question is how specific and sensitive the marker is, since one molecule can appear in many conditions. Biomarkers of endothelial cell activation can be very diverse, from biochemical/metabolic to functional biomarkers. Activation of endothelial cells is part of physiological as well as pathophysiological response of cardiovascular system in conditions as physical activity, growth, pregnancy and in all cardiometabolic diseases (e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune inflammatory diseases, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, ischemia and reperfusion, etc.). During activation, there is a change in endothelial cell morphology and function, which could be a defensive response of endothelium to provoking factor or could lead to increased risk for the injury and end organ damage. This chapter aims to overview current knowledge on established biomarkers of normal and disease-related endothelial activation and to provide information on novel, potential biomarkers in common cardiometabolic diseases

Mouse genetics identifies unique and overlapping functions of fibroblast growth factor receptors in keratinocytes

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are key regulators of tissue development, homeostasis and repair, and abnormal FGF signalling is associated with various human diseases. In human and murine epidermis, FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3) activation causes benign skin tumours, but the consequences of FGFR3 deficiency in this tissue have not been determined. Here, we show that FGFR3 in keratinocytes is dispensable for mouse skin development, homeostasis and wound repair. However, the defect in the epidermal barrier and the resulting inflammatory skin disease that develops in mice lacking FGFR1 and FGFR2 in keratinocytes were further aggravated upon additional loss of FGFR3. This caused fibroblast activation and fibrosis in the FGFR1/FGFR2 double-knockout mice and even more in mice lacking all three FGFRs, revealing functional redundancy of FGFR3 with FGFR1 and FGFR2 for maintaining the epidermal barrier. Taken together, our study demonstrates that FGFR1, FGFR2 and FGFR3 act together to maintain epidermal integrity and cutaneous homeostasis, with FGFR2 being the dominant receptor

Plexiglas barrier box to improve ERCP safety during the COVID-19 pandemic

[No abstract available

The Role of Urotensin-II in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Pediatric Population

Background: Urotensin-II (U-II) is a short cyclic peptide that is widely recognized as one of the most potent vasoconstrictors. U-II plays a role in the pathophysiology of MS, participating in the development of essential hypertension, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and a proinflammatory state. Methods: This study comprised 52 obese children and adolescents with a body mass index (BMI) z score > 2, aged 10 to 18 years. Serum levels of U-II were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay along with other standard biochemical parameters. Results: Elevated serum levels of U-II were recorded in the group of obese subjects with MS when compared with the group of obese subjects without MS (4.99 (8.97–3.16) vs. 4.17 (5.17–2.03) ng/mL, median and IQR, p = 0.026). Furthermore, a subgroup of study subjects with high blood pressure had significantly higher U-II levels in comparison with the normotensive subgroup (4.98 (7.19–3.22) vs. 3.32 (5.06–1.97) ng/mL, p = 0.027), while the subgroup with a positive family history of high blood pressure had significantly higher U-II levels when compared with subjects who had a negative family history of elevated blood pressure (5.06 (6.83–4.45) vs. 3.32 (6.13–2.21) ng/mL, p = 0.039). Conclusions: To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study on the levels of U-II in obese children and adolescents, including a possible link to MS

A Dual-Acting Nitric Oxide Donor and Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitor Promotes Wound Healing in Normal Mice and Mice with Diabetes

Chronic wounds affect a large percentage of the population worldwide and cause significant morbidity. Unfortunately, efficient compounds for the treatment of chronic wounds are yet not available. Endothelial dysfunction, which is at least in part a result of compromised nitric oxide production and concomitant reduction in cGMP levels, is a major pathologic feature of chronic wounds. Therefore, we designed and synthesized a compound with a unique dual-acting activity (TOP-N53), acting as a nitric oxide donor and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, and applied it locally to full-thickness skin wounds in healthy and healing-impaired mice with diabetes. TOP-N53 promoted keratinocyte proliferation, angiogenesis, and collagen maturation in healthy mice without accelerating the wound inflammatory response or scar formation. Most importantly, it partially rescued the healing impairment of mice with genetically determined type II diabetes (db/db) by stimulating re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation, including angiogenesis. In vitro studies with human and murine primary cells showed a positive effect of TOP-N53 on keratinocyte and fibroblast migration, keratinocyte proliferation, and endothelial cell migration and tube formation. These results demonstrate a remarkable healing-promoting activity of TOP-N53 by targeting the major resident cells in the wound tissue

FibroScan-AST score predicts 30-day mortality or need for mechanical ventilation among patients hospitalized with COVID-19

Background: Liver involvement in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been recognised. We aimed to investigate the correlation of non-invasive surrogates of liver steatosis, fibrosis and inflammation using transient elastography (TE) and FibroScan-AST (FAST) score with (a) clinical severity and (b) 30-day composite outcome of mechanical ventilation (MV) or death among patients hospitalized due to COVID-19. Method: Patients with non-critical COVID-19 at admission were included. Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) were assessed by TE. Clinical severity of COVID-19 was assessed by 4C Mortality Score (4CMS) and need for high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen supplementation. Results: 217 patients were included (66.5% males, median age 65 years, 4.6% with history of chronic liver disease). Twenty-four (11.1%) patients met the 30-day composite outcome. Median LSM, CAP and FAST score were 5.2 kPa, 274 dB/m and 0.31, respectively, and neither was associated with clinical severity of COVID-19 at admission. In multivariate analysis FAST > 0.36 (OR 3.19, p = 0.036), 4CMS (OR 1.68, p = 0.002) and HFNC (OR 7.03, p = 0.001) were independent predictors of adverse composite outcome. Conclusion: Whereas LSM and CAP failed to show correlation with COVID-19 severity and outcomes, FAST score was an independent risk factor for 30-day mortality or need for MV