Host fitness and context dependency in defensive symbiosis.

<p>Average host fitness with or without a protective symbiont in relation to risk of attack. Defensive mutualism assumes that the symbiont improves host fitness in the presence of the enemy (h = 1), however the symbiont itself may (A) or may not (B) incur a fitness cost for the host in the absence of the enemy (h = 0).</p

Dataset with the whole foraging sequence (multiple values per bumblebee)

The whole foraging sequence of bumblebees exposed to 1 ppb imidacloprid in sugar solution and none in pollen. Rawdata was collected via a robotic flower system (Kuusela & Lämsä 2016) and was collapsed into a CSV file to allow easy import to statistical software, such as R. The dataset can be used to analyse i.e. difference in learning rates

spectra

Relative spectral reflectance of used colours (maximum reflectance = 1, maximum illumination = 1). nm = wavelenght, hue30=orange, used only in the nest cage, hue35=used both in flight arena and nest cage (quinine in the flight arena, the difficult learning task), hue43=yellow, used both in flight arena and nest cage (sugar solution in the flight arena, the rewarding flower), flightarenablue=used both in flight arena and nest cage (quinine in the flight arena, the easy learning task), nestcageblue= blue, used only in the nest cage, floor=floor reflectance, illumination=illumination spectra, relative values (highest value=1)

Individual sheep reactions to ergoty feed.

<p>Single rams' (A–F) actions relating to ergot-containing feed on different rounds of a food choice test. The column colours indicate the proportion of actions within trials: white, ergoty feed not approached; grey, ergoty feed rejected; black, ergoty feed chosen.</p

Overall reaction of sheep to ergoty feed.

<p>A decision tree representing the average probabilities of rams' (n = 6) approaches and decisions between ergoty and control forage in a food choice test. The final choice signifies the alternative eventually chosen for eating.</p

Effect of ergot on host fitness.

<p>Parameter space where ergot infection has a positive (below the lines) or negative (above the lines) net effect on host fitness. β = relative loss of seeds due to ergot infection, d = protective effect of ergot infection, hα = cost of herbivory.</p

Supplementary material from “Low dose of neonicotinoid insecticide reduces foraging motivation of bumblebees”

Supplementary information about methods, tables S1 & S2, figures S1-S18