Susceptibilidad al lambdacialotrina y patrones de esterasas en poblaciones naturales de Aedes aegypti de los distritos de Laredo (La Libertad) y Sullana (Piura)

Se determinó la susceptibilidad al lambdacialotrina de las poblaciones naturales de Aedes aegypti con el estado actual de las esterasas. Para ello se utilizaron 480 zancudos hembras de Ae. aegypti procedentes de poblaciones naturales de Sullana (Piura) y Laredo (La Libertad) y una cepa de referencia Rockefeller. La susceptibilidad fue determinada mediante el método de la botella propuesto por el CDC, para ello se estableció un grupo control (etanol absoluto) y un grupo problema (lambdacialotrina 10µg/botella) con cuatro repeticiones de 20 zancudos cada uno; las esterasas fueron determinados mediante un SDS – PAGE y sometidas a los sustratos alfa naftil acetato y beta naftil acetato. Se encontró un elevado porcentaje de mortalidad de poblaciones adultas de Ae. aegypti del distrito Laredo y Sullana al ser expuestos al insecticida; asimismo se identificaron 14 bandas de esterasas, de las cuales once presentan afinidad por el alfa naftil acetato y tres por el beta naftil acetato; se identificó una esterasa con mayor intensidad de coloración (E6). Por lo tanto, se concluye que las poblaciones hembras de Ae. aegypti Laredo y Sullana presentan susceptibilidad a lambdacialotrina y que presentan 13 bandas no comunes (E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7, E8, E10, E11, E13, E14) y una banda común (E12) en relación a la población Rockefeller.Palabras clave: Aedes aegypti, susceptibilidad, lambdacialotrina, Sullana, Laredo, esterasas

Actividad repelente y tiempo de protección experimental del aceite del endospermo de Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) en Aedes aegypti

Se determinó la actividad repelente y el tiempo de protección  de las  concentraciones  de 25, 50, 75 y 100% v/v del aceite del endospermo de Ricinus communis en Aedes aegypti, bajo condiciones  experimentales. Se emplearon especímenes hembras de Ae. aegypti cepa Rockefeller (control), una población experimental natural procedente de La Esperanza (Trujillo, Perú) de 3-8 días de edad, en estado de inanición durante tres días y especímenes adultos de conejo,  Oryctolagus  cuniculus. En las orejas, se aplicó 1 mL/22.5cm2  del aceite a las concentraciones señaladas y se utilizó 50 especímenes por cada concentración, además de los grupos control: positivo (DEET al 20%) y negativo (diluyente: Etanol). La exposición se hizo durante tres minutos a intervalos de 30 min hasta que se produzca la primera picadura. El ensayo se realizó en cuatro repeticiones  evaluándose  el porcentaje de repelencia y el tiempo de protección. Se encontró que hubo actividad repelente a todas las concentraciones probadas y que el porcentaje de repelencia por la población experimental a la concentración de 100%v/v fue similar al control positivo -DEET (p>0.05), con un tiempo de protección ≥ 180 minutos. Para la cepa Rockefeller la concentración del 100%v/v tuvo valor similar al DEET no encontrando diferencia significativa (P>0.05) con un  tiempo de protección de 180minutos. Se concluye que el aceite del endospermo de R. communis tuvo actividad repelente en las concentraciones de 25, 50 75 y 100% v/v y mayor actividad repelente para la población natural La Esperanza a concentración del 100%v/v. Palabras Claves: Aedes aegypti, aceite, Ricinus communis

MACROINVERTEBRADOS BENTÓNICOS INDICADORES DE CALIDAD BIOLÓGICA DEL AGUA DE LAGUNAS ALTOANDINAS, LA LIBERTAD-PERÚ

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la calidad del agua en las lagunas altoandinas, El Toro y Los Ángeles del distrito de Quiruvilca, La Libertad-Perú, durante 2014-2017, utilizando macroinvertebrados acuáticos como bioindicadores y aplicando los índices bióticos BMWP e IBA. Se colectaron macroinvertebrados acuáticos con una red Surber de 250 μm y fijados con alcohol al 96%; se registraron parámetros fisicoquímicos in situ con un multiparamétrico HACH, también se muestrearon metales pesados de manera simultánea a la toma de muestras biológicas. Se encontró que en ambas lagunas las familias Corixidae y Disticidae fueron las más frecuentes; la valoración según el índice BMWP e IBA, determinó que la calidad del agua de la laguna El Toro se encontró desde moderadamente contaminada hasta muy contaminada; mientras que la laguna Los Ángeles desde ligeramente contaminada hasta moderadamente contaminada. Algunos parámetros fisicoquímicos importantes no son conformes según los ECA-Agua: Laguna El Toro tuvo pH (6,4), nitrógeno total (1,26 mg/L) y plomo (0,0104 mg/L); Laguna Los Ángeles registró un pH (4,9), nitrógeno total (1,26 mg/L) y plomo (0,00583 mg/L). Por lo que se concluye que la calidad biológica del agua de las lagunas El Toro y Los Ángeles mediante el índice biótico BMWP y el ABI son similares; siendo aguas muy contaminadas - mala calidad (temporada seca) y moderadamente contaminada-regular (temporada lluviosa) en la Laguna El Toro; así como moderadamente contaminada-regular (temporada seca) y ligeramente contaminada-buena (temporada lluviosa) en la Laguna Los Ángeles, durante el periodo de monitoreo. Palabras clave: ABI, BMWP, Bioindicadores, lagunas altoandinas, macroinvertebrados acuáticos. Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the water quality in the lagoons, El Toro and Los Angeles of the district of Quiruvilca, La Libertad-Peru, during 2014-2017, using aquatic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators and applying the biotic BMWP and IBA indices. Aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected with a 250 m Surber sampling network and fixed with 96% alcohol; in situ physicochemical parameters were recorded with a HACH multiparametric tester, heavy metals were also sampled simultaneously at biological sampling. It was found that in both lagoons the families Corixidae and Disticidae were the most frequent; the valuation according to the BMWP and IBA index determined that the water quality of El Toro Lagoon was found to be moderately contaminated to highly contaminated; while Los Angeles Lagoon from slightly polluted to moderately polluted. Some important physicochemical parameters are not compliant according to THEE-Water: El Toro lagoon had pH (6.4), total nitrogen (1.26 mg/L) and lead (0.0104 mg/L); Los Angeles lagoon recorded pH (4.9), total nitrogen (1.26 mg/L) and lead (0.00583 mg/L). So it is concluded that the biological water quality of the El Toro and Los Angeles Lagoons using the biotic INDEX BMWP and the ABI are similar; both being highly polluted waters - in El Toro Lagoon poor quality (dry season) and moderately polluted to regular (rainy season); and in Los Angeles Lagoon, moderately contaminated to regular (dry season) and slightly polluted to good (rainy season), during the monitoring period. Keywords: ABI, Bioindicators, BMWP, Aquatic macroinvertebrates, high altidude andean lagoons. *Autor de correspondencia: Email: [email protected] DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/rebiol.2021.41.01.0

Efecto de la temperatura sobre la supervivencia de larvas II de Lucilia sericata en condiciones de laboratorio

Se evaluó el efecto de las temperaturas de 5°C y 7.5°C sobre la supervivencia de larvas asépticas del segundo estadio de Lucilia sericata. Para ello, se emplearon 135 huevos, obtenidos a partir de la crianza de imagos de L. sericata en condiciones de laboratorio, que se lavaron con solución salina estéril 0.85%, se trataron con hidróxido de sodio 0.5%; y finalmente, se esterilizaron con formalina 10%. Luego los huevos fueron colocados en agar sangre hasta obtener el segundo estadío larval, dos grupos experimentales fueron sometidos a las temperaturas de 5°C y 7.5°C utilizando una refrigeradora calibrada, durante 5 días; y se utilizó un grupo control, que siguió su desarrollo a temperatura ambiente.. Se observó que la temperatura de 5ºC tuvo un promedio de 19.69% de supervivencia, mientras que a la temperatura de 7,5ºC tuvo un promedio de 51.70% de supervivencia. Conclusiones. La temperatura 5ºC tiene un efecto desfavorable en la supervivencia de larvas de estadio II de L. sericata y que la temperatura de 7.5ºC permite una mayor supervivencia de larvas que a la temperatura de 5ºC pero un menor porcentaje de supervivencia que a la temperatura de 23ºC. Palabras clave: supervivencia, temperatura, Lucilia sericata, larvas asépticas

Biogas Production from Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion to Treat Lignocellulosic Wastes in Mezcal Production

Vinasse and bagasse are residues from the production of mezcal, an alcoholic beverage. Treating these wastes is very important to avoid the contamination of water bodies and soils by their discharge into the environment. One of the processes to treat this type of waste is anaerobic digestion. In this study, mesophilic anaerobic digestions were carried out with different organic loads and a retention time of 30 days, where bagasse was thermally pretreated to decrease cellulose crystallization and reduce lignin content, which is highly resistant to chemical, biological, and enzymatic degradation, constituting a barrier for cellulose utilization during the process such as enzymatic hydrolysis and subsequent fermentation. The process carried out with a lower bagasse proportion of 5% resulted in a more significant reduction of COD, SSV, and a methane percentage of 70%, 49%, and 63%, respectively, while maintaining a pH between 6 and 7.5 and an alkalinity of 2,000 mg/L. These results indicate that the process was not inhibited when the content of bagasse was low, reaching the methanogenesis stage in the anaerobic digestion

Desarrollo y crisis en el capitalismo

Revisión realizada en 2012, del desenvolvimiento de la economía mundial y los cambios que se han venido dando en el contexto de la crisis reciente, así como diversos aspectos de las transformaciones en proceso y de la situación económica y social en América Latina. La primera parte está dedicada a la crisis mundial en el marco del funcionamiento del capitalismo y la globalización, y de la permanencia de los factores económicos y financieros que propiciaron su estallido. Se consideran los efectos de la misma según los países y regiones, y se observa su incidencia en los procesos de reconfiguración en marcha, así como las estrategias y políticas seguidas para hacerle frente, sin olvidar las propuestas que se han adelantado para explicarla. En la segunda parte de la obra se analizan los problemas de la región latinoamericana y los de algunos de los países que la integran. Los temas incluyen el desempleo juvenil y el modelo agro-exportador, la inversión extranjera directa y las elecciones presidenciales, entre otros

The polygenic basis of relapse after a first episode of schizophrenia

Little is known about genetic predisposition to relapse. Previous studies have linked cognitive and psychopathological (mainly schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) polygenic risk scores (PRS) with clinical manifestations of the disease. This study aims to explore the potential role of PRS from major mental disorders and cognition on schizophrenia relapse. 114 patients recruited in the 2EPs Project were included (56 patients who had not experienced relapse after 3 years of enrollment and 58 patients who relapsed during the 3-year follow-up). PRS for schizophrenia (PRS-SZ), bipolar disorder (PRS-BD), education attainment (PRS-EA) and cognitive performance (PRS-CP) were used to assess the genetic risk of schizophrenia relapse.Patients with higher PRS-EA, showed both a lower risk (OR=0.29, 95% CI [0.11–0.73]) and a later onset of relapse (30.96± 1.74 vs. 23.12± 1.14 months, p=0.007. Our study provides evidence that the genetic burden of neurocognitive function is a potentially predictors of relapse that could be incorporated into future risk prediction models. Moreover, appropriate treatments for cognitive symptoms appear to be important for improving the long-term clinical outcome of relapse

Prodromal symptoms and the duration of untreated psychosis in first episode of psychosis patients: what differences are there between early vs. adult onset and between schizophrenia vs. bipolar disorder?

To assess the role of age (early onset psychosis-EOP < 18 years vs. adult onset psychosis-AOP) and diagnosis (schizophrenia spectrum disorders-SSD vs. bipolar disorders-BD) on the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and prodromal symptoms in a sample of patients with a first episode of psychosis. 331 patients with a first episode of psychosis (7–35 years old) were recruited and 174 (52.6%) diagnosed with SSD or BD at one-year follow-up through a multicenter longitudinal study. The Symptom Onset in Schizophrenia (SOS) inventory, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the structured clinical interviews for DSM-IV diagnoses were administered. Generalized linear models compared the main effects and group interaction. 273 AOP (25.2 ± 5.1 years; 66.5% male) and 58 EOP patients (15.5 ± 1.8 years; 70.7% male) were included. EOP patients had significantly more prodromal symptoms with a higher frequency of trouble with thinking, avolition and hallucinations than AOP patients, and significantly different median DUP (91 [33–177] vs. 58 [21–140] days; Z = − 2.006, p = 0.045). This was also significantly longer in SSD vs. BD patients (90 [31–155] vs. 30 [7–66] days; Z = − 2.916, p = 0.004) who, moreover had different profiles of prodromal symptoms. When assessing the interaction between age at onset (EOP/AOP) and type of diagnosis (SSD/BD), avolition was significantly higher (Wald statistic = 3.945; p = 0.047), in AOP patients with SSD compared to AOP BD patients (p = 0.004). Awareness of differences in length of DUP and prodromal symptoms in EOP vs. AOP and SSD vs. BD patients could help improve the early detection of psychosis among minors

Effectiveness of family metacognitive training in mothers with psychosis and their adolescent children: a multicenter study protocol

BackgroundMore than half of women with psychosis take care of their children despite the difficulties caused by the disease. Additionally, these kids have a higher risk of developing a mental health disorder. However, no interventions have been developed to meet these needs. Metacognitive Training (MCT) is a psychological intervention that has demonstrated its efficacy in improving cognitive insight, symptom management and social cognition in people with first-episode psychosis (FEP). Additionally, MCT has shown better results in women than men with FEP. This study aims to adapt and evaluate the efficacy of MCT-F in mothers and adolescent children in an online group context with the main purpose of improving family relationships, cognitive awareness and symptoms in women with psychosis and increase their children’s knowledge of the disease and their functioning. As secondary objectives, it also aims to evaluate improvements in metacognition, social cognition, symptoms, protective factors and self-perception of stigma.Materials and methodsA quasi-experimental design with participants acting as their own control will be carried out. Forty-eight mothers with psychosis and their adolescent children (between 12 and 20 years old) recruited from a total of 11 adult mental health care centers will receive MCT-F. Participants will be evaluated 11 weeks before the intervention (T1), at baseline (T2), and post-intervention (T3) with a cognitive insight scale, as a primary outcome. Measures of metacognitive and social cognition, symptoms, cognitive functioning, family and social functioning, protective factors (self-esteem, resilience, and coping strategies) and self-perceived stigma will be addressed as secondary outcomes. Assessment will also address trauma and attachment in mothers and, lastly, the feasibility and acceptability of MCT-F in both participant groups.DiscussionThis will be the first investigation of the efficacy, acceptability, and viability of the implementation of MCT-F. The results of this study may have clinical implications, contributing to improving mothers’ with psychosis and adolescents’ functioning and better understanding of the disease, in addition to the possible protective and preventive effect in adolescents, who are known to be at higher risk of developing severe mental disorders.Clinical trial registration:https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier [NCT05358457]

Spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant through Europe in the summer of 2020

[EN] Following its emergence in late 2019, the spread of SARS-CoV-21,2 has been tracked by phylogenetic analysis of viral genome sequences in unprecedented detail3,4,5. Although the virus spread globally in early 2020 before borders closed, intercontinental travel has since been greatly reduced. However, travel within Europe resumed in the summer of 2020. Here we report on a SARS-CoV-2 variant, 20E (EU1), that was identified in Spain in early summer 2020 and subsequently spread across Europe. We find no evidence that this variant has increased transmissibility, but instead demonstrate how rising incidence in Spain, resumption of travel, and lack of effective screening and containment may explain the variant’s success. Despite travel restrictions, we estimate that 20E (EU1) was introduced hundreds of times to European countries by summertime travellers, which is likely to have undermined local efforts to minimize infection with SARS-CoV-2. Our results illustrate how a variant can rapidly become dominant even in the absence of a substantial transmission advantage in favourable epidemiological settings. Genomic surveillance is critical for understanding how travel can affect transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and thus for informing future containment strategies as travel resumes.S