Superconducting ECR ion source: From 24-28 GHz SECRAL to 45 GHz fourth generation ECR.

The development of superconducting ECR source with higher magnetic fields and higher microwave frequency is the most straight forward path to achieve higher beam intensity and higher charge state performance. SECRAL, a superconducting third generation ECR ion source, is designed for 24-28 GHz microwave frequency operation with an innovative magnet configuration of sextupole coils located outside the three solenoids. SECRAL at 24 GHz has already produced a number of record beam intensities, such as 40Ar12+ 1.4 emA, 129Xe26+ 1.1 emA, 129Xe30+ 0.36 emA, and 209Bi31+ 0.68 emA. SECRAL-II, an upgraded version of SECRAL, was built successfully in less than 3 years and has recently been commissioned at full power of a 28 GHz gyrotron and three-frequency heating (28 + 45 + 18 GHz). New record beam intensities for highly charged ion production have been achieved, such as 620 eμA 40Ar16+, 15 eμA 40Ar18+, 146 eμA 86Kr28+, 0.5 eμA 86Kr33+, 53 eμA 129Xe38+, and 17 eμA 129Xe42+. Recent beam test results at SECRAL and SECRAL II have demonstrated that the production of more intense highly charged heavy ion beams needs higher microwave power and higher frequency, as the scaling law predicted. A 45 GHz superconducting ECR ion source FECR (a first fourth generation ECR ion source) is being built at IMP. FECR will be the world's first Nb3Sn superconducting-magnet-based ECR ion source with 6.5 T axial mirror field, 3.5 T sextupole field on the plasma chamber inner wall, and 20 kW at a 45 GHz microwave coupling system. This paper will focus on SECRAL performance studies at 24-28 GHz and technical design of 45 GHz FECR, which demonstrates a technical path for highly charged ion beam production from 24 to 28 GHz SECRAL to 45 GHz FECR

Mechanical Design Analysis of MQXFB, the 7.2-m-Long Low-β Quadrupole for the High-Luminosity LHC Upgrade

As part of the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Project, a set of Nb Snquadrupoles are being developed, aiming to enhance the performance of the inner triplets. The new magnets, identified as MQXFA and MQXFB, will share the same cross section with two different lengths, 4.2 and 7.2 m, respectively. During the magnet development, three short models were tested, along with a number of mechanical models, demonstrating the capability of the magnet cross section to achieve the specified performances. The same performances are now required for the full-length magnets. To ensure this, the authors studied the impact of the magnet length on the capability of the structure to provide an adequate support to the coils. Finite element and simplified analytical models were used to evaluate the impact of the magnet length on the stresses in the magnet ends and coil elongation during powering. The models were calibrated using the results from the short model tests, and used to provide an indication on the required prestress and its foreseen impact on the magnet performance.

Mechanical Performance of Short Models for MQXF, the Nb3Sn Low-β Quadrupole for the Hi-Lumi LHC

In the framework of the Hi-Lumi LHC Project, CERN and U.S. LARP are jointly developing MQXF, a 150-mm aperture high-field Nb3Sn quadrupole for the upgrade of the inner triplet of the low-beta interaction regions. The magnet is supported by a shell-based structure, providing the preload by means of bladder-key technology and differential thermal contraction of the various components. Two short models have been produced using the same cross section currently considered for the final magnet. The structures were preliminarily tested replacing the superconducting coils with blocks of aluminum. This procedure allows for model validation and calibration, and also to set performance goals for the real magnet. Strain gauges were used to monitor the behavior of the structure during assembly, cool down and also excitation in the case of the magnets. The various structures differ for the shell partitioning strategies adopted and for the presence of thick or thin laminations. This paper presents the results obtained and discusses the mechanical performance of all the short models produced up to now

Flow cytometric determination of genome size in European sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus (Heckel, 1843)

The aim of this study was to compare DNA content in hepatocyte and erythrocyte nuclei of the European sunbleak, Leucaspius delineatus, in relation to nuclear and cell size by means of flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The DNA standards, chicken and rainbow trout erythrocytes, were prepared in parallel with both cell types, with initial separation of liver cells in pepsin solution followed by cell filtering. Standards and investigated cells were stained with a mixture of propidium iodide, citric acid, and Nonidet P40 in the presence of RNAse, and fluorescence of at least 50,000 nuclei was analyzed by flow cytometry. Average cell size was determined by flow cytometry, using fresh cell suspension in relation to latex beads of known diameter. The size of nuclei was examined on the basis of digital micrographs obtained by fluorescence microscopy after nuclei staining with DAPI. The sunbleak’s erythrocyte nuclei contain 2.25 ± 0.06 pg of DNA, whereas the hepatocyte nuclei contain 2.46 ± 0.06 pg of DNA. This difference in DNA content was determined spectroscopically using isolated DNA from the two cell types. The modal diameters of the erythrocytes and hepatocytes were estimated to be 5.1 ± 0.2 and 22.3 ± 5.0 μm, respectively, and the corresponding modal dimensions of their nuclei (measured as surface area) were 15.2 and 21.4 μm2, respectively. The nucleoplasmic index, as calculated from diameters estimated from surface area of nuclear profiles, was 2.51 for the erythrocytes compared with 0.08 for hepatocytes

Studium porównawcze powieści F. Scotta Fitzgeralda ,,Wielki Gatsby” i jej adaptacji filmowych z 1974 i 2013 roku: kontekst społeczny jako kluczowy czynnik wpływający na przedstawienie motywu amerykańskiego snu

Głównym zagadnieniem tej pracy jest badanie porównawcze powieści F. Scotta Fitzgeralda zatytułowanej ,,Wielki Gatsby” i jej dwóch adaptacji filmowych: z 1974 roku, wyreżyserowanej przez Jacka Claytona i z 2013 roku, wyreżyserowanej przez Baza Luhrmanna. Celem pracy jest udowodnienie, że kontekst społeczny okresów, w których te adaptacje powstały wpłynął na przedstawienie motywu amerykańskiego snu. Kolejnych pięć rozdziałów omawia następujące kwestie: okoliczności towarzyszące powstaniu powieści, tzn. biografia autora, przyjęcie powieści przez krytyków, zarys lat dwudziestych i omówienie motywu amerykańskiego snu; charakterystyka teorii adaptacji; porównanie i analiza struktury powieści i dwóch adaptacji; porównanie elementów narracji, aktorstwa, aspektów wizualnych i ścieżki dźwiękowej; zarys późnych lat sześćdziesiątych i wczesnych lat siedemdziesiątych, oraz pierwszej dekady XXI-ego wieku i wnioski wyciągnięte z analizy. Praca ta wyjaśnia jaki jest efekt wpływu kontekstu społecznego tych dwóch okresów na przedstawienie motywu amerykańskiego snu. Badanie dowodzi, że krytyka zepsutego amerykańskiego snu, którą można dostrzec w powieści Fitzgeralda, została złagodzona w adaptacji z 1974 roku. Wersja ta pozostaje wierna fabule powieści, lecz skupia się na wątku miłosnym bohaterów. Natomiast wersja z 2013 roku uwydatnia krytykę społeczną Fitzgeralda. Ma to na celu ostrzeżenie społeczeństwa XXI-ego wieku. Reżyser użył krytyki społeczeństwa lat dwudziestych, która jest obecna w powieści i przedstawił ją w unowocześniony sposób, chcąc wpłynąć na widzów tak, aby zastanowili się nad skutkami bezwzględnego dążenia do bogactwa. Adaptacja z 2013 roku oddaje ducha powieści z większym sukcesem niż ta z 1974 roku.This work’s main issue is a comparative study of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby and its two film adaptations – from 1974 and from 2013, directed by Jack Clayton and Baz Luhrmann respectively. It aims at proving that social contexts of the periods in which these two films were made influenced their representation of the American Dream. The five chapters discuss the following topics: the background of the novel The Great Gatsby, i.e. the author, the novel and its critical reception, and an overview of the Roaring Twenties and the concept of the American Dream; an overview of the theory of adaptation; analysis and comparison of the structure of the novel and the two adaptations; comparison of narrative elements, acting, visual aspects and soundtrack; an overview of the late 1960s and the early 1970s, and the first decade of the 21st century, and conclusions drawn from the analyses. This thesis explains the effect the two periods exerted over the adaptations of The Great Gatsby. The study proves that Fitzgerald’s criticism of the corrupted American Dream is attenuated in the 1974 adaptation. This version stays faithful to the novel’s plot, but focuses on a thread of the romantic story. The 2013 version is, on the other hand, an exaggeration of Fitzgerald’s criticism, which is to serve as a warning for the society of the 21st century. The director used the criticism of the Roaring Twenties’ society that one may find in the novel and presented it in a modernized way, thus trying to make his modern viewers reflect on themselves. The 2013 adaptation captures the spirit of the novel more successfully than the 1974 version