Analisis Optimasi Produksi Sumur Gas Lift Lapangan Awiligar dengan Perbandingan Desain Ulang dan Konversi Esp

Sumur minyak yang berproduksi akan mengalami penurunan produksi dikarenakan turunnya tekanan formasi sehingga dibutuhkan pengangkatan buatan.Sumur – sumur pada Lapangan Awiligar sebagian besar berproduksi dengan pengangkatan buatan gas lift. Lapangan Awiligar bertujuan meningkatkan produksi harian, sehingga perlu dilakukan optimasi diantaranya optimasi sumur – sumur gas lift. Sumur gas lift yang dikaji adalah Sumur M-150, Sumur – M-155, Sumur M-160, dan Sumur M-165 karena water cut yang tidak terlalu tinggi diantara sumur gas lift lainnya dan produksi yang lebih tinggi dari sumur gas lift lainnya.Optimasi dilakukan dengan perbandingan antara menambah jumlah laju injeksi gas, mendesain ulang posisi katup, dan menkonversi menjadi Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) dimana skenario terbaik dilihat dari lifting cost terkecil. Hasil skenario terbaik untuk optimasi sumur kajian adalah dengan konversi menjadi ESP dikarenakan produksi yang lebih besar dan lifting cost yang lebih rendah dari gas lift

Data_Sheet_1_Octadecylpropyl Sulfamide Reduces Neurodegeneration and Restores the Memory Deficits Induced by Hypoxia-Ischemia in Mice.docx

<p>The PPAR-α agonist, oleoylethanolamide (OEA) has neuroprotective properties in stroke models. However, its rapid degradation represents a limitation for an effective therapeutic approach. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a stable OEA-modeled compound, octadecylpropyl sulfamide (SUL) on the cognitive, behavioral, cellular and molecular alterations associated with hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in mice. Mice subjected to HI were treated with the PPAR-α antagonist GW6471 (GW) (1 mg/kg) followed 15 min later by SUL (3 and 10 mg/kg). Behavioral, motor, and cognitive tests were carried out 24 h and 7 days after the HI. The levels of microglia, reactive astrocytes and neuronal nuclei were studied using immunofluorescence, and the expression of genes related to the N-acyl-ethanolamides/endocannabinoid signaling systems was determined by qRT-PCR at the end of the experimental sequence. HI induced brain damage in the ipsilateral hippocampus and cortex, which lead to severe memory impairments, and motor coordination deficits. Significant neuronal loss, increased microglia and reactive astrocytes, and compensatory changes in genes associated with the inflammation/immune and endocannabinoid systems were observed in these brain structures of lesioned mice. SUL reversed the memory and motor deficits, decreased the overexpression of microglia and astrocytes, and reduced neurodegeneration induced by HI. Cnr1 and Cnr2 gene expression was modulated by SUL in both sham and HI mice, while Pparα and Faah expression was regulated in HI mice. GW completely blocked the beneficial actions of SUL. These findings suggest that treatment with SUL reduces brain damage and the associated motor and memory deficits induced by HI probably by normalizing the changes in neuroinflammation/immune system mediators.</p

Schematic drawings that hypothesize the normal pattern of NAE-PPARα activity (A), and the pro- and anti-inflammatory NAE-PPARα signaling that may occur in the colonic epithelial cells of active UC at disease onset (B) and after a putative treatment with 5-ASA and/or glucocorticoids (C).

<p>Schematic drawings that hypothesize the normal pattern of NAE-PPARα activity (A), and the pro- and anti-inflammatory NAE-PPARα signaling that may occur in the colonic epithelial cells of active UC at disease onset (B) and after a putative treatment with 5-ASA and/or glucocorticoids (C).</p

Analysis of the number of NAPE-PLD-ir cells per area (µm²) in the lamina propria of acute and quiescent (5-ASA and corticoid-treated) UC patients compared to control ones.

<p>A–D: Representative high-magnification photomicrographs showing NAPE-PLD immunostaining in the lamina propria. E: No significant change in the number of NAPE-PLD-ir cells was observed in the infiltrate of the lamina propria of acute UC patients and after treatment (5-ASA and corticoids). Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests (N = 15–22).</p

Representative high-magnification photomicrographs showing double immunofluorescence for NAAA, CD19, CD3 and CD14 in order to characterize the immune cells in the mucosa infiltrate of UC patients.

<p>NAAA immunofluorescence was observed in CD19+ B lymphocytes (A–C), CD3+ T lymphocytes (D–F) and CD14+ macrophages (G–I).</p

Clinical characteristics of control group.

*<p>BMI: body mass index Kg/m²; Medical treatment at the time to take samples of colon mucosa.</p

Representative high-magnification photomicrographs showing double immunofluorescence for FAAH, NAPE-PLD, CD38 and CD3 in order to characterize the immune cells in the mucosa infiltrate of UC patients.

<p>Nearly all FAAH immunofluorescent cells are plasma cell-specific CD38 (A–C). NAPE-PLD immunofluorescence was observed in both CD38+ plasma cells (D–F) and CD3+ T lymphocytes (G–I).</p

Characteristics of UC patients.

$<p>C-reactive protein at diagnosis (mg/L);</p>*<p>Ulcerative colitis extension by Montreal criteria;</p>&<p>Modified Truelove–Witts Severity index (MTWSI): Mild 11–15 points, Moderate 16–20 points, Severe 21–27 points.</p

Primers sequences used for RT-PCR.

<p>Primers sequences used for RT-PCR.</p

Analysis of the number of NAAA-ir cells per area (µm²) in the lamina propria of control group compared to acute UC patients and after 5-ASA and corticosteroid treatment (quiescent group).

<p>A–F: Representative high-magnification photomicrographs showing NAAA immunostaining in the lamina propria. G: Acute UC at disease onset was associated with a significant decrease in the number of NAAA-ir cells in the infiltrate of the lamina propria. The number of NAAA-ir cells was increased to control levels after treatment (5-ASA and corticoids). Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests (N = 15–22): ***<i>P</i><0.001 <i>versus</i> control group; ^##<i>P</i><0.01 <i>versus</i> acute UC group.</p