EMPRESARIADO E DITADURA NO CHILE, NO BRASIL E NO CONE SUL – UM CHAMADO A ESTUDOS COMPARATIVOS ENTRE OS REGIMES DE EXCEÇÃO NA REGIÃO

A resenha analisa a contribuição do livro: BOHOSLAVSKY, Juan Pablo; FERNÁNDEZ, Karinna; SMART, Sebastián (org.). Complicidad económica con la dictadura: un país desigual a la fuerza. Santiago: LOM, 2019. 478p

Sovereign Debt Governance, Legitimacy, and the Sustainable Development Goals: Examining the Principles on Responsible Sovereign Lending and Borrowing

In the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (“SDGs”) negotiation, this article questions to what extent legitimacy matters in sovereign debt governance and, if so, under what conditions. How can one recognize legitimate governance instruments when informality of governance process and practice is regarded as an important goal? This article sees the implementation of SDGs in the global financial arena as facilitated by legitimate normative instruments that reflect general public interest and demonstrate respect for human rights. The implementation of informal norms should give rise to substantive outcomes that are both sustainable and legitimate, thereby complementing the procedural dimension of any normative instrument. This article evaluates this assumption by reviewing the development and implementation of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development’s Principles on Responsible Sovereign Lending and Borrowing. We conclude that legitimacy is not only a key component in the construction of well-grounded informal laws, but also forms part of a desirable legal framework for the implementation of SDGs

Complicidad de las instituciones financieras internacionales en la violación de derechos humanos en el contexto de reformas económicas

This Article demonstrates that the introduction of austerity measures does not contribute to economic recovery, but instead has negative consequences in terms of economic growth, debt ratios, and equality, and routinely results in a series of negative human rights impacts. There is therefore a solid legal basis to make the case for a prima facie inconsistency between the imposition of austerity policies in times of recession and the enjoyment of human rights.Este artículo demuestra que la introducción de medidas de ajuste no contribuye a la recuperación económica sino que, en cambio, trae aparejadas consecuencias negativas en términos de crecimiento económico, coeficientes de endeudamiento e igualdad, generando frecuentemente una serie de impactos negativos en materia de derechos humanos. Y por lo tanto, que existe una sólida base legal para sostener una inconsistencia prima facie entre la imposición de políticas de ajuste en tiempos de recesión y el disfrute de derechos humanos

World Bank\u27s Roadmap and the Inspection Panel\u27s Human Rights Responsibilities

The World Bank has been under pressure to devise a process for “evolving” its mission, operations, and resources, acknowledging that decades of engagement with low- and middle-income countries has resulted, paradoxically and contrary to its official mission, in a “crisis of development.” The Bank bluntly notes in the opening to its paper “Evolving the World Bank Group’s Mission, Operations, and Resources: A Roadmap,” issued in December 2022, “after decades of progress, growth and poverty reduction have stalled.” Indeed, this “crisis of development” threatens to unleash political instability around the world

Assessing the Gender‑Sensitivity of International Financial Institutions’ Responses to COVID‑19: Reflections from Home (with Kids) in Lockdown

Fil: Bohoslavsky, Juan Pablo Raimundo. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Río Negro, Argentina.Fil: Rulli, Mariana. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre Derechos, Inclusión y Sociedad. Río Negro, Argentina.This reflection considers recent United Nations’ normative developments in international human rights law and their potential to assess, with a gender perspective, retrogressive economic policies being promoted by International Financial Institutions (IFIs) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Orthodox and androcentric economic policies, such as structural adjustment, austerity, privatisation and deregulation of labour and financial markets, normally have devastating effects on women’s rights. Yet, the financial responses with which IFIs are trying to help states manage the effects of the pandemic seem to continue promoting those androcentric economic policies. This piece concludes that ex ante human rights and gender impact assessments of multilateral loans’ conditionalities should be conducted and that women’s participation in this process as well as access to adequate quantitative and qualitative data to understand the differentiated effects of those economic policies on gender equality, are crucial. These reflections were born out of the authors’ own family and country challenges.

Ciencias y pandemia : Una epistemología para los derechos humanos

Con el COVID-19 quedó evidenciado que las ciencias tienen el potencial de salvar vidas mientras que su menoscabo puede afectar a los derechos humanos, incluidos el derecho a la vida y a la salud. Sin embargo, durante la pandemia la movilización de las ciencias y las políticas sanitarias han padecido de un marcado déficit en materia de pluralismo epistémico. La interdisciplinariedad, y en particular los enfoques que exceden las respuestas científicas y estatales estrictamente biomédicas, han sido marginalizados. Este libro colectivo, escrito desde las ciencias sociales y naturales, y con un enfoque de derechos, propone miradas que cruzan la epidemiología, la medicina, la economía, los derechos humanos, la sociología, el feminismo, el transporte y la movilidad, la ética y la filosofía del derecho, la educación, las políticas públicas, la ecología, la salud mental, y la democracia.Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plat

Dívida privada e direitos humanos

El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir a la comprensión de las violaciones de los derechos humanos que se producen en el ámbito de la deuda privada, centrándose específicamente en la deuda que ofrecen a los particulares y los hogares toda una gama de agentes crediticios que operan tanto en el sector formal como en el informal. Existen dos factores que impulsan el incremento del endeudamiento privado: en primer lugar, la pujanza de la oferta crediticia del sector financiero, cuyos promotores son la liberalización del mercado y el aumento de la financierización, y en segundo lugar, la reconfiguración de muchas de las necesidades humanas de reproducción social que se convierten en necesidades financieras insatisfechas, unida al estrepitoso fracaso del Estado en cuanto a garantizar los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales de todxs. El artículo concluye que las deudas privadas no solo pueden constituir la causa de violaciones de derechos humanos sino también su consecuencia. Estudia específicamente las repercusiones negativas que tienen, para los derechos humanos, las deudas relacionadas con el microcrédito, la salud, la educación y la vivienda, las prácticas coactivas y abusivas de cobro, la criminalización de los deudores, las deudas de lxs consumidorxs y las deudas migratorias, así como la servidumbre por deudas.The objective of this article is to contribute to the understanding of human rights violations that occur in the field of private debt, specifically in the debt offered to individuals and households by credit agents operating in both the formal and informal sector. There are two factors that promote private indebtedness: first, the credit supply of the financial sector, whose promoters are the liberalization of the market and the increase in financing. And secondly, the reconfiguration of many of the human needs of social reproduction that become unmet financial needs, along with the failure of the State to guarantee the economic, social and cultural rights. The article concludes that private debts can not only constitute the cause of human rights violations, but also their consequence. It specifically studies the negative repercussions, for human rights, of debts related to microcredit, health, education and housing, coercive and abusive collection practices, criminalization of debtors, consumer debts and immigration debts, as well as debt bondage.O objetivo deste artigo é contribuir a compreensão das violações de direitos humanos que ocorrem no campo da dívida privada, concentrando-se especificamente na dívida oferecida a indivíduos e famílias por toda uma gama de agentes de crédito que operam nos setores formal como no informal. Existem dois fatores que impulsionam o aumento do endividamento privado: primeiro, a força da oferta de crédito do setor financeiro, cujos promotores são a liberalização do mercado e o aumento da financeirização, e em segundo lugar, a reconfiguração de muitas das necessidades humanas de reprodução social que se tornam em necessidades financeiras insatisfeitas, juntamente com o fracasso escandaloso do Estado em garantir os direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais de todos. O artigo conclui que as dívidas privadas não somente podem constituir a causa das violações dos direitos humanos mas também suas conseqüências. Estuda especificamente as repercussões negativas que têm, para os direitos humanos, as dívidas relacionadas ao microcrédito, a saúde, a educação e a moradia, as práticas de cobrança coercitiva e abusiva, a criminalização dos devedores, as dívidas de consumidores e as dívidas de imigração, assim como a servidão por dívida.Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociale

Corporate Complicity and finance as a "Killing Agente": The Relevance of the Chilean Case

Fil: Rulli, Mariana. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre Derechos, Inclusión y Sociedad. Río Negro, Argentina.Fil: Rulli, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Fil: Bohoslavsky, Juan P. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Río Negro, Argentina.The legal basis for corporate accountability for violations of human rights has evolved robustly over the past decades. Yet, accountability for financial complicity has significantly lagged behind. This article attempts to address this gap in order to help close it. It describes the legal and judicial trends in the evolution of corporate responsibility for complicity, identifying points at which financial complicity could have been addressed as a contributing factor to human rights abuses, but was not. As a case study, it examines the political context of the Chilean dictatorship, the official US position on withholding financial aid, the macroeconomic and budgetary impact of the loans extended, and, finally, their effects on the human rights situation in Chile. It develops the argument that when judging financial complicity, the fundamental criterion to employ should be the foreseeable use of the commodity, rather than its inherent quality.

Los derechos humanos como idea fiscal peligrosa

Este texto explica por qué los Principios Derechos Humanos en la Política Fiscal representan una interpretación de los derechos humanos que desafían las causas de la desigualdad y pobreza en la región.Fil: Bohoslavsky, Juan Pablo Raimundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Atlántica. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre Derechos, Inclusión y Sociedad; Argentin

Complicity of international financial institutions in Human Rights violations in the context of economic reforms

Este artículo demuestra que la introducción de medidas de ajuste no contribuye a la recuperación económica sino que, en cambio, trae aparejadas consecuencias negativas en términos de crecimiento económico, coeficientes de endeudamiento e igualdad, generando frecuentemente una serie de impactos negativos en materia de derechos humanos. Y, por lo tanto, que existe una sólida base legal para sostener una inconsistencia prima facie entre la imposición de políticas de ajuste en tiempos de recesión y el disfrute de derechos humanos. Debido a las circunstancias particulares en las que los Estados suelen encontrarse cuando requieren asistencia de instituciones financieras internacionales es que estas últimas suelen imponer condiciones que no necesariamente se han negociado con los Estados prestatarios. La población de los mismos se encuentra aún menos involucrada que su gobierno en las consultas, discusiones y negociaciones asociadas. El extenso alcance de tales condicionalidades, que se ha ampliado continuamente durante las últimas décadas, permite explicar su penetrante omnipresencia en cuestiones soberanas cruciales. Estas condicionalidades son observables aún en el contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19. Según los estándares del derecho internacional, las instituciones financieras internacionales podrían ser consideradas responsables por la complicidad en la imposición de reformas económicas violatorias de derechos humanos. El nexo causal entre la asistencia brindada por las instituciones financieras internacionales (en forma de préstamos, vigilancia, asistencia técnica y condicionalidades anexas) en la comisión de un hecho internacionalmente ilícito (complicidad) y el daño causado (violaciones de derechos humanos) es evidente y se encuentra bien documentado. Se puede presumir que una institución tiene conocimiento de la naturaleza ilícita del acto si, incluso cuando se avanza en la implementación de reformas económicas que normalmente conducen a violaciones de derechos humanos, no se realiza una evaluación de impacto ex ante. La responsabilidad legal por complicidad genera obligaciones en términos de cesación, no repetición y reparación.This Article demonstrates that the introduction of austerity measures does not contribute to economic recovery, but instead has negative consequences in terms of economic growth, debt ratios, and equality, and routinely results in a series of negative human rights impacts. There is therefore a solid legal basis to make the case for a prima facie inconsistency between the imposition of austerity policies in times of recession and the enjoyment of human rights. Because of the circumstances in which States usually find themselves when seeking assistance from international financial institutions, lender institutions often impose conditionalities that have not necessarily been negotiated with borrower States. States’ populations are even less involved than their governments in the associated consultations, discussions, or negotiations. The broad scope of such conditionalities, which has been continuously expanded over recent decades, helps to explain their pervasiveness and omnipresence in key sovereign businesses. These conditionalities are even seen in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. According to standards of international law, international financial institutions may be held responsible for complicity in the imposition of economic reforms that violate human rights. The causal link between the assistance provided by international financial institutions (in the form of loans, surveillance and technical assistance, and attached conditionalities) in the commitment of an internationally wrongful act (complicity) and the harm done (human rights violations) is evident and well documented. An institution’s knowledge of the wrongful nature of the act can be presumed if, even when advancing the implementation of economic reforms that normally lead to human rights violations, no ex ante impact assessment is undertaken. Legal responsibility for complicity raises obligations in terms of cessation, non-repetition, and reparation.Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociale