Bayesian analyses and delimitation clusters of <i>Astyanax</i> clade 4.

<p>In the left is represented the full tree, in red is represented the <i>Astyanax</i> clade 4. Spacers internal lines inside each cluster separate and indicate the number of subgroups found in a cluster, but does not represent the proportion of individuals found in each one. Histogram indicates the proportion of clusters identification in <i>Astyanax</i> clade 4. Nodes marked with an asterisk probabilities greater than 0.9. For further details, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0167203#pone.0167203.s001" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>.</p

Bayesian analyses and delimitation clusters of <i>Astyanax</i> clade 5.

<p>In the left is represented the full tree, in red is represented the <i>Astyanax</i> clade 5. Spacers internal lines inside each cluster separate and indicate the number of subgroups found in a cluster, but does not represent the proportion of individuals found in each one. Histogram indicates the proportion of clusters identification in <i>Astyanax</i> clade 5. Nodes marked with an asterisk probabilities greater than 0.9. For further details, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0167203#pone.0167203.s001" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>.</p

Cluster delimitation method used in this study.

<p>All clusters were first separated by 2% cutoff analysis and then tested by other delimitation methods, GMYC, BIN and ABGD. See text for further details.</p

A continental-wide molecular approach unraveling mtDNA diversity and geographic distribution of the Neotropical genus <i>Hoplias</i>

<div><p>With an estimate of around 9,000 species, the Neotropical region hosts the greatest diversity of freshwater fishes of the world. Genetic surveys have the potential to unravel isolated and unique lineages and may result in the identification of undescribed species, accelerating the cataloguing of extant biodiversity. In this paper, molecular diversity within the valuable and widespread Neotropical genus <i>Hoplias</i> was assessed by means of DNA Barcoding. The geographic coverage spanned 40 degrees of latitude from French Guiana to Argentina. Our analyses revealed 22 mitochondrial lineages fully supported by means of Barcode Index Number, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery and phylogenetic analyses. This mtDNA survey revealed the existence of 15 fully supported mitochondrial lineages within the once considered to be the continentally distributed <i>H</i>. <i>malabaricus</i>. Only four of them are currently described as valid species however, leaving 11 mitochondrial lineages currently “masked” within this species complex. Mean genetic divergence was 13.1%. Barcoding gap analysis discriminated 20 out of the 22 lineages tested. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all taxonomically recognized species form monophyletic groups. <i>Hoplias malabaricus sensu stricto</i> clustered within a large clade, excluding the representatives of the La Plata River Basin. In the <i>H</i>. <i>lacerdae</i> group, all species but <i>H</i>. <i>curupira</i> showed a cohesive match between taxonomic and molecular identification. Two different genetic lineages were recovered for <i>H</i>. <i>aimara</i>. Given the unexpected hidden mitochondrial diversity within <i>H</i>. <i>malabaricus</i>, the COI sequence composition of specimens from Suriname (the type locality), identified as <i>H</i>. <i>malabaricus sensu stricto</i>, is of major importance.</p></div

Number of clusters identified on the different analysis.

<p>Number of clusters identified on the different analysis.</p

Mean distances within and between the five major clades.

<p>Mean distances within and between the five major clades.</p