Agrobiodiversidad

En cuanto a agrobiodiversidad, el Perú mantiene una gran biodiversidad genética en tubérculos, leguminosas, granos andinos, cacao, tuberosas tropicales, entre otros. El Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria es el encargado de conservación de esta biodiversidad orientado a la seguridad alimentaria. Asimismo, hace una valoración de estas para reconocer su aptitud agronómica y su adaptación al cambio climático, ese reconocimiento es útil para la generación de nuevas variedades con mejores características

“Inducción de la embriogénesis somática en hojas inmaduras de sacha inchi (plukenetia volubilis L.)”

With the objective of developing a suitable methodology for the sacha inchi (Plukenetia vo/ubilis L.) somatic embryogenic induction, explants of immature leaf of 25-26 mm were used, two study were evaluated, the first one consisted of the evaluation of the synchronization of the induction time, using 05 treatments with different concentrations of thidiazurón (0.000, 0.003, 0.005, 0.008, 0.010 mg/I), with base culture media of the mineral compounds M&S (1962) supplemented with Vit DKW, 2.0 mg/I 2,4-0, 2.0 g/I phytagel; the same media for the second study 12 treatments witch different cornbinations of two factors [citoquinina (thidiazurón) - times of induction] were evaluated. For the development of the somatic embryogenesis process and especially for the second study (MICE) three means of culture where used, media of induction of embryogenic callus, media of secondary growth of callus (MCSC) anda media of development of embroides (MDE). For the induction process of embryogenic callus of the first and second study, the explants were incubated in darkness, for the second study the secondary growth of callus the period of darkness was limited to 6 and 10 days respectively, to be cultivated aftermath in the culture media MEO for a time of 14 days in darkness and then submitted to light. The percentage of induction of callus evaluated in all the treatments of the first study demonstrates that up to 9 days of induction 100 % of callogenic reactivity exists, the growth of callus evaluated in all the treatments of the second study demonstrates that a proflt of average callus in 4.46 to 4.97 mg/day exists, the appearance of pro-embryonic globular stages of sacha inchi was confirmad in the T2, T4, T9 and T10, and the conformation of the first embryonic stage (globular stage) was confirmed in the T4. lt is necessary to mention that during the development of the process of somatic not embriogenic callus of creamy and crystalline thin irregular consistency were identified. The rhizogenesis as a product of the indirect organogenesis in the immature leaves was one of the most important observations of this investigation.Con el propósito de desarrollar una metodología adecuada para la inducción de la embriogénesis somática sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.), se emplearon explantes de hoja inmadura de 25-26 mm, desinfectados por inmersión con alcohol etílico de 70° bajo tres segundos continuado por una desinfección con 0.5 % de NaOCI por un intermedio de diez minutos. Se evaluaron dos ensayos, el primero consistió en la evaluación de la sincronización del tiempo de inducción, utilizando 05 tratamientos con diferentes concentraciones de thidiazurón (0.000, 0.003, 0.005, 0.008, 0.010 mgn), acompañado de un medio de cultivo base constituido por los compuestos minerales M&S (1962) suplementado con Vit DKW, 2.0 mg/I 2,4-D, 2.0 g/I phytagel; de igual manera para el segundo ensayo se evaluaron 12 tratamientos con diferentes combinaciones de dos factores [citoquinina (thidiazurón) -tiempos de inducción (días)]. Para el desarrollo del proceso de la embriogénesis somática y en particular para el segundo ensayo se utilizaron tres medios de cultivo, medio de inducción del callo embriogénico (MICE), Medio de crecimiento secundario de callos (MCSC) y un medio de desarrollo de embroides (MDE). Para el proceso de inducción del callo embriogénico del primer y el segundo ensayo los explantes fueron incubados en oscuridad, para el segundo ensayo el crecimiento secundario de callos se acondiciono a un periodo de oscuridad de 6 y 1 O días respectivamente, para luego ser cultivados en el medio de cultivo MEO por un lapso de 14 días en condiciones de oscuridad y luego sometidos a luz. El porcentaje de inducción de callos evaluado en todos los tratamientos del primer ensayo demuestra que a los 9 días de inducción existe un 100% de reactividad callogénica, el crecimiento de callo evaluado en todos los tratamientos del segundo ensayo demuestra que existe una ganancia de callo promedio en 3.86 a 4.99 mg/día, la aparición de estadios globulares pro-embrionarios de sacha inchi se manifestaron los tratamientos T2, T4, T9 y T10, y la conformación del primer estadio embrionario (estadio globular) se manifestó en el tratamiento T 4. Cabe mencionar que durante el desarrollo del proceso de embriogénesis somática se identificaron callos no embriogénicos de consistencia cremosa y cristalino delgado e irregular. La rhizogénesis como producto de la organogénesis indirecta en las hojas inmaduras fue una de las más importantes observaciones en este trabajo de investigación.Tesi

A pathogen complex between the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium verticillioides results in extreme mortality of the inka nut (Plukenetia volubilis)

The combined infection of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and two Fusarium species led to high plant mortality of inka nut (Plukenetia volubilis) seedlings in pots after 80 days growth in two independent inoculation experiments. Inoculation of M. incognita juveniles and conidia of F. solani or F. verticillioides, simultaneously, increased plant mortality by 25-30%, compared with M. incognita alone (5-10% mortality). When inoculated with F. verticillioides at 20 days post nematode inoculation, plant mortality increased to 55%. Either of the Fusarium spp. alone caused some plant mortality, but less than when combined with M. incognita. The synergistic interaction of M. incognita and especially F. verticillioides demonstrates a lethal outcome for inka nuts. It appears that M. incognita creates favorable conditions that lead to enhanced effect and damage by the Fusarium species, especially F. verticillioides, leading to devastating levels of plant death

Consumer Preferences for Olive-Oil Attributes: A Review of the Empirical Literature Using a Conjoint Approach

During the last decade, olive oil consumption has experienced a major breakthrough in the world, not only in producing countries but also among those who are not. Undoubtedly, this growth in consumption is a consequence of the consolidation of a cultural phenomenon established between the main producing countries (Spain, Italy and Greece), owing to the so-called Mediterranean diet1; a food concept that provides important health benefits and of which olive oil is one of the main components. The recent recognition of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) — it has declared to the Mediterranean diet ‘the intangible cultural heritage of humanity’— offers promising perspectives for the Mediterranean diet in the coming years..

The Effects Of The Distribution Of Agricultural Direct Payments

The Common Agricultural Policy (the CAP) is the most important common policy of the European Union, for which reason it traditionally monopolizes a large part of the European Union budget. Without doubt, the aids that farms receive from this policy are the pillar on which it sustains the battered agricultural sectors. Among CAP aid, direct payments are particularly important, in 2008 accounting for about 37% of the total EU budget. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the effects that the distribution of the CAP direct payments have on the agrarian economy. Specifically, we have analysed the equality level in distribution of CAP direct aid in the countries of the European Union using a concentration index. In this way, we have examined the fairness of distribution of CAP direct aid in the agricultural sector

Respuesta de la embriogénesis somática directa en tres regiones foliares de Phalaenopsis amabilis

Fue explorado el efecto de ácido naftalenacético (ANA) y 1-fenil-3-(1,2,3-tiadiazol-5-il)urea (TDZ) en segmentos de hojas inmaduras de Phalaenopsis amabilis. Para este experimento, se emplearon tres regiones foliares de 12x1.7mm (basal, medial y apical) sobre diferentes concentraciones de ANA (0.00; 0.53 y 5.37 µM) y TDZ (0,00; 0,45; 4,50 y 13,60 µM), acompañado de sales minerales Murashige &amp; Skoog (1962) y suplementado con 10,0 mg/L Myo-inositol, 0,5 mg/L Pyridoxine, 0,1 mg/L Thiamine, 2,0 mg/L Glycine, 170,0 mg/L NaH2PO4, 2,0 g/L Peptona, 20,0 g/L de Sacarosa y 3,75 g/L de Agar, ajustado a un pH 5,2. Segmentos foliares fueron incubados en oscuridad sobre diferentes concentraciones y combinaciones hormonales por un lapso de 30-45 días y luego sometidos a luz. El porcentaje de inducción de callos evaluados en los tratamientos en estudio demuestra que a los 30 días de inducción existe un 100% de reactividad callogénica. La aparición de estadios globulares pro-embrionarios en segmentos de hoja de Phalaenopsis amabilis, fue posible en los tratamientos T1, T2, T5 y T6. De forma interesante la mayor formación de estructuras somáticas pro-embrionarias estuvieron presentes en la región basal, sin la necesidad de la adición independiente o combinatoria de ANA o TDZ. Sin embargo, la mayor cantidad de plantas regeneradas tan solo fue posible en estructuras pro-embrionarias de la región basal, conteniendo 0,53 µM de ANA.</p

Propagação in vitro de sacha inchi por meio da organogênese

The objective of this work was to evaluate hormonal balance in the phases of the in vitro organogenesis of apical meristems of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis). For the establishment and multiplication phases, Murashige & Skoog (MS) media, with different concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), were used. For rooting, modified MS media was supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and indolebutyric acid. The differentiation of apical meristems was possible with 0.1 mg L-1 BAP and 0.05 mg L-1 NAA. The best rooting of seedlings is obtained with 0.5 mg L-1 naphthaleneacetic acid and 2.0 mg L-1 indolebutyric acid.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o balanço hormonal em fases da organogênese in vitro de ápices meristemáticos de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis). Para as fases de estabelecimento e multiplicação, foi utilizado o meio de cultivo Murashige & Skoog (MS) com diferentes concentrações de benzilaminopurina (BAP) e ácido naftalenoacético (ANA). Para o enraizamento, o meio MS modificado foi suplementado com diferentes concentrações de ANA e ácido indolbutírico. A diferenciação dos ápices meristemáticos foi possível com a adição de 0,1 mg L-1 de BAP e 0,05 mg L-1 de ANA. O melhor desempenho do enraizamento de plântulas é obtido com a adição de 0,5 mg L-1 de ácido naftalenoacético e 2,0 mg L-1 de ácido indolbutírico

Funneliglomus, gen. nov., and Funneliglomus sanmartinensis, a new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus from the Amazonia region in Peru

A new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus was found in agricultural field sites in the Amazonia lowlands of the Department San Martin, Perú. It was found up to 858 m above sea level in two plantations of the inka nut (also called ‚sacha inchi', Plukenetia volubilis), which was grown in mixed cultures together with Musa sp., Zea mays, Phaseolus vulgaris and Carica papaya. The fungus was propagated in bait cultures in a greenhouse on Sorghum sp., Brachiaria sp., Medicago sativa and Plukenetia volubilis as host plants. The fungus differentiates orange brown to dark orange brown, triple-layered spores, 93-151× 90-148 µm in diameter, terminally on funnel-shaped to rarely cylindrical or slightly inflating hyphae, and a strong, straight to slightly recurved septum that closes the spore pore at the spore base. Phylogenetically, the new fungus represents clearly a new genus in a separated clade, near to Funneliformis and Septoglomus. It can easily be distinguished from all other species of these genera by the characteristic ornamentation of the spore surface, which consists of multiple large, irregular pits. The fungus is here described under the epithet Funneliglomus sanmartinensis, serving as type species of the new genus Funneliglomus

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of a Peruvian landrace of Capsicum chinense Jacq. (Solanaceae), arnaucho chili pepper

In this study, we sequenced the first complete chloroplast (cp) genome of a Peruvian chili pepper landrace, “arnacucho” (Capsicum chinense). This cp genome has a 156,931 bp in length with typical quadripartite structure, containing a large single copy (LSC) region (87,325 bp) and a 17,912 bp small single-copy (SSC) region, separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions (25,847 bp); and the percentage of GC content was 37.71%. Arnaucho chili pepper chloroplast genome possesses 133 genes that consists of 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA, eight rRNA, and two pseudogenes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this Peruvian chili pepper landrace is closely related to the undomesticated species C. galapagoense; all belong to the Capsiceae tribe

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of a Peruvian landrace of Capsicum chinense Jacq. (Solanaceae), arnaucho chili pepper

In this study, we sequenced the first complete chloroplast (cp) genome of a Peruvian chili pepper landrace, “arnacucho” (Capsicum chinense). This cp genome has a 156,931 bp in length with typical quadripartite structure, containing a large single copy (LSC) region (87,325 bp) and a 17,912 bp small single-copy (SSC) region, separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions (25,847 bp); and the percentage of GC content was 37.71%. Arnaucho chili pepper chloroplast genome possesses 133 genes that consists of 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA, eight rRNA, and two pseudogenes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this Peruvian chili pepper landrace is closely related to the undomesticated species C. galapagoense; all belong to the Capsiceae tribe