2,053 research outputs found
Entropic measure of directional emissions in microcavity lasers
We propose a noble notion of the directional emission in microcavity lasers.
First, Shannon entropy of the far-field profiles in the polar coordinate can
quantify the degree of unidirectionality of the emission, while previous
notions about the unidirectionality can not efficiently measure in the robust
range against a variation of the deformation parameter. Second, a divergence
angle of the directional emission is defined phenomenologically in terms of
full width at half maximum, and it is barely applicable to a complicated peak
structure. However, Shannon entropy of semi-marginal probability of the
far-field profiles in the cartesian coordinate can present equivalent results,
and moreover it is applicable to even the cases with a complicated peak
structure of the emission
Ionothermal Synthesis of Metal-Organic Framework
Ionothermal synthesis employs ionic liquids for synthesis of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as solvent and template. The cations and anions of ionic liquids may be finely adjusted to produce a great variety of reaction environments and thus frameworks. Organisation of the structures synthesised from related ionic liquid combinations give rise to provocative chemical trends that may be used to predict future outcomes. Further analysis of their structures is possible by reducing the complex framework to its underlying topology, which by itself brings more precision to prediction. Through reduction, many seemingly different, but related classes of structures may be merged into larger groups and provide better understanding of the nanoscopic structures and synthesis conditions that gave rise to them. Ionothermal synthesis has promised to enable us to effectively plan the synthesis ahead for a given purpose. However, for its promise to be kept, several difficult limitations must be overcome, including the inseparable cations from the solvent that reside in the framework pore
Complication and Contraindication of Full Endoscopic Lumbar Decompression
By reviewing various literatures on endoscopic surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis and systematically analyzing the contraindications and complications of endoscopic surgery, the purpose of this study is to distinguish appropriate indications and contraindications for endoscopic surgery, and to predict the prognosis for the incidence of complications. We searched the PubMed databases to identify articles on endoscopic surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. Preoperative exclusion criteria were included in contraindication, and complications that occurred during and after surgery were included. We analyzed clinical outcomes and classified the prescribed contraindication and complications according to the paper. We identified 120 articles, and 48 met our criteria, with evidence ranging from level I to level IV. After reviewing the literature, the analysis result, Contraindication of full endoscopic lumbar decompression are spondylolisthesis (>grade 2), instability, previous surgery, tumor (metastasis), infection, scoliosis, mainly back pain, painless weakness, cauda equine syndrome, etc. Complications of full endoscopic lumbar decompression are dura tearing, epidural hematoma, transient dysesthesia, untreated pain, motor weakness, cauda equine syndrome, incomplete decompression, etc. Fully endoscopic lumbar decompression is a safe, effective option for treating lumbar spinal stenosis, owever, it is important to select the surgical indication well, and various complications may occur after surgery
Decomposed entropy and estimation of output power in deformed microcavity lasers
Park et al. [Phys. Rev. A 106, L031504 (2022)] showed that the Shannon
entropy of the probability distribution of a single random variable for
far-field profiles (FFPs) in deformed microcavity lasers can efficiently
measure the directionality of deformed microcavity lasers. In this study, we
instead consider two random variables of FFPs with joint probability
distributions and introduce the decomposed (Shannon) entropy for the peak
intensity of directional emissions. This provides a new foundation such that
the decomposed entropy can estimate the degree of the output power at given
FFPs without any further information.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure
Tetramethyl-O-scutellarin isolated from peels of immature Shiranuhi fruit exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on LPSinduced RAW264.7 cells
Purpose: To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of the immature fruit of a citrus, Shiranuhi, and to identify the active ingredient.Methods: The immature Shiranuhi peel was extracted with 80 % ethanol, and the extract was fractionated with solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) to afford the corresponding fractions and water residue. Among them, the EtOAc-soluble portion was subjected to medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) over a reversed-phase SiO2 column to give compound 1. The isolated compound was identified based on the proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. The release of nitric oxide, prostaglandin (PG)E2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 secreted by mouse macrophages was measured using RAW264.7 cell culture supernatant.Results: Shiranuhi (Korean name, Hallabong) is an important citrus species cultivated in Jeju Island, Korea. A polymethoxyflavonoid (PMF), tetramethyl-O-scutellarin (1), was isolated from the peels of immature Shiranuhi fruit. Upon the evaluation of anti-inflammatory effects, the flavonoid 1 decreased the nitric oxide production in macrophage cells with high efficiency, viz, 50 % inhibition concentration, IC50 of 57.4 μM. Subsequent studies demonstrated that PMF 1 effectively inhibited the generation of PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 cytokine in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion: Tetramethyl-O-scutellarin (1) has been successfully isolated from Shiranuhi species for the first time. Thus, Shiranuhi fruit peel extract containing PMF 1 can potentially be applied as an antiinflammatory ingredient in food or cosmetic industries.Keywords: Shiranuhi fruit, Nitric oxide, Tetramethyl-O-scutellarin, Anti-inflammator
Determinants of regional trade agreement utilization : evidence from multiple import countries in Asia
This study empirically examines the determinants of the utilization of regional trade agreements (RTAs). To this end, RTA utilization data with rich country variations in both importing and exporting countries are used. Specifically, the data include trade data among 16 exporters and six importers in Asia. An “RTA utilization rate,” which is defined as the share of imports under RTA regimes out of total imports of RTA-eligible products, is computed. The RTA utilization rate is regressed at a country pair-product level on various elements. As a result, the RTA utilization rate is found to be higher when the preference margin is larger, the importer’s demand is larger, the exporter’s income is lower, and the importer’s border handling is more efficient. Furthermore, RTA utilization rates are lower when a generalized scheme for preferences for least developed countries is available, when exporting finished products, and when the inward foreign direct investment in the importing country is larger
Two-gap and paramagnetic pair-breaking effects on upper critical field of SmFeAsO and SmFeAsOF single crystals
We investigated the temperature dependence of the upper critical field
[] of fluorine-free SmFeAsO and fluorine-doped
SmFeAsOF single crystals by measuring the resistive transition
in low static magnetic fields and in pulsed fields up to 60 T. Both crystals
show that 's along the c axis [] and in an -planar
direction [] exhibit a linear and a sublinear increase,
respectively, with decreasing temperature below the superconducting transition.
's in both directions deviate from the conventional one-gap
Werthamer-Helfand-Hohenberg theoretical prediction at low temperatures. A
two-gap nature and the paramagnetic pair-breaking effect are shown to be
responsible for the temperature-dependent behavior of and
, respectively.Comment: 21 pages, 8 figure
Limits of Binaries That Can Be Characterized by Gravitational Microlensing
Due to the high efficiency of planet detections, current microlensing planet
searches focus on high-magnification events. High-magnification events are
sensitive to remote binary companions as well and thus a sample of
wide-separation binaries are expected to be collected as a byproduct. In this
paper, we show that characterizing binaries for a portion of this sample will
be difficult due to the degeneracy of the binary-lensing parameters. This
degeneracy arises because the perturbation induced by the binary companion is
well approximated by the Chang-Refsdal lensing for binaries with separations
greater than a certain limit. For binaries composed of equal mass lenses, we
find that the lens binarity can be noticed up to the separations of
times of the Einstein radius corresponding to the mass of each lens. Among
these binaries, however, we find that the lensing parameters can be determined
only for a portion of binaries with separations less than times of
the Einstein radius.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl
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