Microemulsions: Platform for Improvement of Solubility and Dissolution of Poorly Soluble Drugs

This study reviews the impact of microemulsion on the improvement of solubilization and dissolution of lipophilic drug. The drugs which are of poorly soluble and low absorption are considered as ideal candidates for micro emulsions. Microemulsion are thermodynamically stable, having of three components oil phase, surfactants, and co-surfactants. It is having low particle or droplet size range from 5-200 nm and have of low oil/water interfacial tension. These are transparent preparations with no involvement of energy. These preparations improved oral bioavailability and protects the drug from against enzymatic hydrolysis. These drugs are have of high permeability capacity because of low interfacial tension. This review focuses on the basic concept such as formulation, characterization, component and structure of microemulsion. Keywords: Microemulsion, Lipophilicity, Solubilization, Bioavailability, Phase- behaviour, Thermodynamically stable

Estimation of Inflation parameters for Perturbed Power Law model using recent CMB measurements

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is an important probe for understanding the inflationary era of the Universe. We consider the Perturbed Power Law (PPL) model of inflation which is a soft deviation from Power Law (PL) inflationary model. This model captures the effect of higher order derivative of Hubble parameter during inflation, which in turn leads to a non-zero effective mass $m_{\rm eff}$ for the inflaton field. The higher order derivatives of Hubble parameter at leading order sources constant difference in the spectral index for scalar and tensor perturbation going beyond PL model of inflation. PPL model have two observable independent parameters, namely spectral index for tensor perturbation $\nu_t$ and change in spectral index for scalar perturbation $\nu_{st}$ to explain the observed features in the scalar and tensor power spectrum of perturbation. From the recent measurements of CMB power spectra by WMAP, Planck and BICEP-2 for temperature and polarization, we estimate the feasibility of PPL model with standard $\Lambda$CDM model. Although BICEP-2 claimed a detection of $r=0.2$, estimates of dust contamination provided by Planck have left open the possibility that only upper bound on $r$ will be expected in a joint analysis. As a result we consider different upper bounds on the value of $r$ and show that PPL model can explain a lower value of tensor to scalar ratio ($r<0.1$ or $r<0.01$) for a scalar spectral index of $n_s=0.96$ by having a non-zero value of effective mass of the inflaton field $\frac{m^2_{\rm eff}}{H^2}$. The analysis with WP+ Planck likelihood shows a non-zero detection of $\frac{m^2_{\rm eff}}{H^2}$ with $5.7\,\sigma$ and $8.1\,\sigma$ respectively for $r<0.1$ and $r<0.01$. Whereas, with BICEP-2 likelihood $\frac{m^2_{\rm eff}}{H^2} = -0.0237 \pm 0.0135$ which is consistent with zero.Comment: 11 Pages, 4 Figures. Matches the published versio

Reconstruction of the Primordial Power Spectrum by Direct Inversion

We introduce a new method for reconstructing the primordial power spectrum, $P(k)$, directly from observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). We employ Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to invert the radiation perturbation transfer function. The degeneracy of the multipole $\ell$ to wavenumber $k$ linear mapping is thus reduced. This enables the inversion to be carried out at each point along a Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) exploration of the combined $P(k)$ and cosmological parameter space. We present best--fit $P(k)$ obtained with this method along with other cosmological parameters.Comment: 23 pages, 9 figure

The Next WHO Director-General’s Highest Priority: a Global Treaty on the Human Right to Health

Amidst the many challenges facing the next WHO Director-General, the new WHO head should find WHO’s foremost priority in its most important constitutional pillar: the right to health. The centerpiece of this endeavor should be leadership on the Framework Convention on Global Health (FCGH), the proposed global treaty based in the right to health and aimed at national and global health equity. The treaty would reform global governance for health to enhance accountability, transparency, and civil society participation and protect the right to health in trade, investment, climate change, and other international regimes, while catalyzing governments to institutionalize the right to health at community through to national levels. It would usher in a new era of global health with justice – vast improvements in health outcomes, equitably distributed. With the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control having served as a proof of concept, the FCGH would be an innovative treaty finding solutions to overcome global health failings in accountability, equality, financing, and inter-sectoral coherence. It would include a global health accountability framework, encompassing, civil society engagement, independent monitoring, and plans for redress, while catalyzing national health accountability strategies, accountability mechanisms, disaggregated data, and community participation. National health equity strategies, pro-poor pathways to universal health coverage, and robust non-discrimination provisions could elevate the voices, priorities, and ultimately power of marginalized populations. The FCGH would include a national and global health financing framework, while reaching beyond the health sector with right to health assessments, public health participation in developing international agreements, and responsibility for all sectors for improving health outcomes. The FCGH would reinvigorate WHO’s global health leadership, breathing new life into its founding principles. It could become the platform for reforming WHO as a rights-based 21st century institution, with badly-needed reforms, such as community participation, new priorities favouring social determinants of health, and a culture of transparency and accountability. The next Director-General should launch a historic effort to align national and global governance for with human rights through the FCGH, bringing the world closer to global health with justice